Body Mass Index Essay

Body Mass index is a formula that determines the mass of body fat a person has. This formula is used to determine your weight proportion compared to your height if you’re on target, overweight or obese. Today we will use the formula by plugging in my own personal information and determining if I am over weight, on target or obese. To start I plug in the formula BMI=703w/h2. W = weight, H = height. I am 5foot 5 so in the formula my height will be 5.5. After plugging in my info, I multiply 5.5 squared times 5.5 giving me the answer 30.25. I then divide 703W by 30.25 H. This then gives me the answer 23.24. Making W 23.24. Which is Equivalent to not being overweight. 703w/5.5(2) 703w/30.25 23.24w According to the chart my inequality fits in between the Compound inequality equation 23 < BMI < 25 which says I’m probably not overweight.   I don’t agree with this formula for I know for a fact that according to my height I am severely obese. However according to this formula I am probably not over weight. In addition to this the formula only uses your height and weight, it does not determine you fat mass or your muscle build. From going to the gym I’ve Learned that muscle weighs a lot more then fat. Which means that with this formula someone in perfect shape can be assumed to be obese: when in fact there in shape. The solutions chart that says whether you’re obese, overweight, or perfectly fit is giving in Intervals. The chart gives you a range of numbers from low to high. You determine where your body mass determines by the number of intervals you land on or in between. None of these numbers are to Infinity. The ranges have a start date and end date. In conclusion after plugging in the necessary figures and using the Body Mass Index formula it was determined that this formula gives inaccurate  results. For according to my doctor I am severally over weight and this formula has me sounding like a super model.

Four Key Barriers to Communication Essay

There are four key barriers to communication. These barriers are Process barriers, personal barriers, physical barriers and semantic barriers. As a manager I plan to overcome all of these barriers using guidelines, tools, processes and procedures. Process barriers are a big barrier to communication. The process of communication involves sending and receiving a message between two people. Sometimes things go wrong during the transmission of information. To overcome these barriers I would work on my communication skills. I would make sure I am speaking slowly and clearly in easy to understand terms. I would ask the other person to repeat back to me what I said and make sure I use my listening skills to fully understand what they comprehended. I will also not use text messages or email to communication. I will rely on phone and face to face. Another barrier to communication is personal barriers. Personal barriers are related to trust and ego. If two people don’t trust each other the communication process will be distorted. I will use honesty and integrity to earn the trust of my employees. I will not let my ego get in the way of how I run my business. We will have a strict policy for honesty, respect and fair treatment of employees. Physical barriers are pertaining to distance time and work office noise. Sometimes because of distance and time companies use email to communicate. I feel that this is not as good as face to face communication because communication is often misunderstood through email. I will enforce a strict policy of actually talking to each other rather than emailing. Phone calls and Skype will be our primary form of communication at our company. Everyone will have their own office to cut down on background noises. Flex time schedules will be used to compensate for the time difference on the west coast. Sematic barriers are encoding and decoding errors because of phrases and jargon. Cultural diversity is a key contributor to sematic barriers. As a manager I will not allow any company jargon or phrases to be used. We will only speak in terms that the average person could understand. Also when hiring new employees they will be interviewed by 3 different managers with  different foreign accents. If they have trouble understanding different accents then they will not be hired. We will also encourage hiring a very diverse workforce from every culture.

Fountain of the Four Rivers

Fountain of the Four Rivers The Fountain of the Four Rivers is a monumental example of Italian Baroque style and eloquence. This sculpture is one of many that transformed Rome into the city we know today. There are many fountains that can be found throughout Italy. The Fountain of the Four Rivers is a breathtaking sculptural fountain in Piazza Navona, Italy. It is made of travertine and marble. This sculpture was designed and constructed from 1648-1651. On June 12, 1651 this magnificent masterpiece was unveiled to the world.The famous Italian sculpture and architect, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is the brilliant artist responsible for this masterpiece. He won the honor of designing this fountain by subterfuge; an advocate of Bernini had placed a model of the fountain in an area where the pope would hopefully see it and choose him to design the structure. This spectacular piece was built for the Pope Innocent X Pamphili. Its water source comes from the Acqua Vergine; this is one of the main water supplies in Rome. The pope ordered this water supply to be redirected to the front of his palace in the Palazzo Pamphili where the fountain stands.The town square that houses the Fountain of the Four Rivers not only is the location for Pamphili’s family palace, it is also the location of the ancient stadium of the Emperor Domitain. This was one of the first fountains constructed in Rome that was designed by Bernini, which would be followed by many more. The Fountain of the Four Rivers is a complex design. This sculpture depicts Gods of the four great rivers that are found in the four continents that were recognized by renaissance geographers during that time period.These rivers include the Nile, in Africa, the Ganges in Asia, the Rio de la Plata in the Americas and the Danube in Europe. Also, each countries area on the fountain is enhanced with details of its native animals and plants. Bernini’s magnificent fountain efficiently integrates an Egyptian obelisk that stands in the center of this piazza. This is one of Bernini’s most well-known and breathtaking works of art. Pamphili is quoted stating, â€Å"The only way to avoid employing Bernini was not to see his designs. † Bernini’s art to this day remains admired works of beauty and creativity weaved throughout Rome’s ancient streets.Bernini and his brilliant creations brought Rome to be known as â€Å"the city of fountains†. Bernini was a magnificent architect and sculptor of Baroque style. He was born in Naples in 1598; He had a very long and successful career until his death in 1680. In Rome, he worked for the city’s most authoritative families and the popes. Some of his Royal patrons included the Pope Innocent X Pamphili, King Charles I and Louis XIV. Bernini was Caravaggio’s (Michelangelo Merisi) contemporary. Bernini brought Caravaggio’s style of painting to his sculptures. He created many exceptional baroque styled sculptures, f ountains, and dynamic monuments.All of which are prized by patrons centuries after their creations. People travel across the world just to admire his historical masterworks. Bernini’s style truly depicts the eloquence of creativity and ingeniousness of the Italian Baroque styled sculptures in seventeenth-century Rome. Different types of Baroque styles are found throughout Europe, they all began from ideas from the Italian’s version of this style. The Fountain of the Four Rivers portrays the main four rivers of the world known at that time. This structure integrates the artistic styles of the era, the religious aspects and the geological significance of its time.This particular water feature is one of many fountains that transformed Rome to being known as â€Å"the city of fountains†. One of the main water sources of Rome was redirected to give the sculpture life. This fountain is one of many works of art that demonstrates the imaginary art and thinking of people s around the seventieth century. This ancient sculpture is also one of many that transformed Rome into the city we know today. Bernini’s designs are integrated though out surrounding areas and had influence on other artists through history. Works CitedNational Gallery of Art, Washington,DC; http://www. nga. gov/exhibitions/2000/baroque/2013 February 2, 2013 Alexandra Korey, Bernini’s â€Å"Fountain of the Four Rivers† restored (Quattro Fiumi), March 2009 February 5, 2013 Zuzana Pastirikova. Heidi Schwartz http://www. rome. info/bernini/fountain-four-rivers/ 2003-2009 Rome info; February 6, 2013 Hugh Honour, John Fleming; A World History of Art, Laurence King Publishing, 2005 February 7, 2013 Ann Sutherland Harris; 17th century art and architecture, Laurence King Publishing, 2005 February 9, 2013

OCEANIA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

OCEANIA - Research Paper Example However, the human exploration of the Oceania environment was not without negative effects to the environment. As a result, the change of the environment bears significant impacts to the people and the ecosystems in Oceania. The human activities have been the greatest contributors to the change in the environment. The lack of regulation among the people in the region caused them to over exploit the resources without considering its effects to the other ecosystems. The alteration of the environment caused changes to the various ecosystems in the region. For instance, the environmental changes resulted to extreme changes of the temperatures in the region. The mean temperatures were extremely high than before, and this interfered with the lives of other a biotic processes. The temperature variability over time also influences the rainfall pattern in the region. As a result, the region became prone to interactions with new pathogens and invasive species. These were groomed by the varying temperature and rainfall patterns. Moreover, the environmental changes caused the region to experience extreme cases of natural phenomenon. For example, the alteration of the environmental systems in the region resulted to occurrences of storms in the region. Moreover, there have been extreme cases of floods resulting from human activities. In addition, the accumulation of the carbon gases in the air has resulted to climate change. This is a major contributor and trigger of the temperature and rainfall variability in the region. All these variations have affected the lives of the people negatively. In addition, they have altered the natural ecosystems in the region2. The Oceania region has a unique physical geography nature. The region is divided into four regions that include Micronesia, Polynesia, Melanesia and Malaysia. All these regions are characterized by different geopolitical attributes. As neighbouring nations, the political influence of the nations would be

International Taxation Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Taxation Issues - Essay Example 3) Advise what taxation consideration need to be given if the purchase from the Iberican operations by an Australian company were not for arms' length prices. Explain the reason and the rational of this concept requiring to be addressed for Australian Taxation purposes. In Australia, companies and individuals can be taxable persons. They are tax on income derived inside Australia and/or from outside sources and the tax treatment depends whether or not they are residents or non-residents of Australia. A resident individual is taxable on its assessable income derived from any source, whereas a non-resident individual is taxable only on the assessable income derived in Australia. Taxes imposed may come from business income, or in the payment of interests, dividends, royalties, rent, or capital gains. Taxes can be further classified as withholding tax or taxes on the sale of goods or render of service. A company is resident in Australia for tax purposes if: 1) It is incorporated in Australia (irrespective of where central management and control is exercised). Once a company has been incorporated in Australia it can never lose its Australian residence for tax purposes; 2) Central management and control is exercised in Australia (irrespective of which country the company was incorporated in); and, 3) The company is neither incorporated in Australia nor is its central management and control exercised there but carries on business in Australia and its voting control is in the hands of resident Australian shareholders.1 A company which is a resident in Australia is liable to Australian income tax to all its assessable income which is not specifically exempt, less allowable deductions with a credit for qualifying foreign taxes paid. Assessable income includes the income calculated by the normal accounting concepts, with specified adjustments, and certain capital gains. Normally, tax losses can be carried forward indefinitely or transferred amongst group companies, for offset against future profits. A non-resident company is liable to income tax only on assessable income derived from sources in Australia.2 Double Taxation If a resident company or individual in Australia is doing business outside Australia, the taxes applicable to that country can also be available to it, and vice-versa, even if it already paid the same tax in the country of origin. That is what we call double taxation. Double taxation of foreign income for resident Australian companies has traditionally avoided by entering into a tax treaty with other countries. At present, Australia has entered into tax treaty with more than 40 countries. They prevent double taxation and fiscal evasion and foster cooperation between Australia and other international authorities by enforcing their respective tax laws.3 Income from subsidiaries resident in "unlisted" jurisdictions is taxed a second time in Australia but a tax credit is given for any tax

Business for transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business for transport - Essay Example These are the times when the organizations have unique resources and skills which help to satisfy the needs and requirements in specific mannerisms that are difficult to emulate. Michael Porter’s principle of differentiation is therefore something that takes a great amount of understanding before it could be deciphered in the most apt way. The generic business strategy regimes play their roles well so that the differentiation factor is embedded in a proper way. What differentiation does in essence is to get the message straight to the generic business hubs that it is there for creating the vital difference which will rule the roost within business at the end of the day. The target markets would be given the best possible solution in terms of the differentiation strategy because it helps shape up the business realms from a number of different angles. The differentiation strategy is always a good undertaking because it offers the business the alternatives that are much desired a nd which shall bring in the sound results in the long run scheme of things. Since differentiation is entirely dependent on the intricate details of the products themselves, it would be important to make a note of the generic business realms before delving into such discussions. The differentiation strategy helps the products to compete in such a manner that success is written all over it. This is so because the differentiation aspects are focused on highlighting the exact changes that could be mustered up within the products, and how these would embody accomplishment for the specific business hubs. There are the two different variants which are termed within the differentiation strategy. These include the shareholder value model which signifies the timing of the use of the specialized knowledge which creates a differentiation advantage until the knowledge remains distinctive. Similarly, the unlimited resources model within the differentiation strategy makes use of a large base of re sources which allows an organization to outwit the competitors (Porter, 1998). The differentiation strategy is applicable within the domains of the broad market scope and uniqueness competency which remain significant nonetheless. Some of the most successful examples of the differentiation strategy which have been employed within the generic business realms of present times include the Asian Paints, Apple Computer, Mercedes-Benz, Hero Honda, HLL and Nike. Conclusion Michael Porter has basically described a category which consists of three different types of strategies which are in common use, and among these, differentiation strategy remains one of the most sought after within the generic business discussions. The strategy coined by Michael Porter is a comprehensive one which encloses quite a few significant pointers – all of which suggest one determinant within the business realms or the other. b) Critically assess the concept of differentiation and its relevance to business strategy in the transport and travel sector, with reference to EITHER luxury hotel train companies (e.g. Orient Express), OR cruise shipping companies (e.g. Royal Caribbean). Introduction Differentiation within the business strategy of Royal Caribbean is such that it has 5 different brands running under its folds. One more brand is under

The Impact of Information Technology in the Vodafone Group Research Paper

The Impact of Information Technology in the Vodafone Group Organization - Research Paper Example This paper discusses and describes the Vodafone Group business Organization structure with a focus on the role of IT in its business Organization structure. Vodafone Group is a multinational British telecommunication company, whose main office is in London, with a registered office in Newburry Berkshire. Vodafone company started as a joint venture between Hambros Technology Trust , Millicom and the subsidiary of Racal Electronics PLC’s strategic Radio Ltd in 1982 with its name being derived from a company’s goal of establishing data services and voice services over mobile telephone networks. Hence its network was called Racal Vodafone. The company was renamed Recal Telecom in 1988. In 1991, Racal Telecom became demerged from the Racal Electronics there is when the mobile telephony giant came into existence. In 1996, the company bought people phone and acquired 80% of the Astec Communication, a move that so it increase its shares of UK mobile customers. According to the report findings since 9th December 2010, the key elements of the Vodafone Organizational structure are as described. The operating companies for the group are under two operating regions reflecting the different geographies or different nature of assets, as well as to reflect the differences in development of the sector considering various economies. These included Europe which comprise all existing controlled business located in Europe, in addition to Turkey, Hungary, Czech Republic, and Hungary. At the helm, as the regional CEO, Michel Combel is in charge of the Europe Region.

Compare and contrast leadership and management styles of the United Research Proposal

Compare and contrast leadership and management styles of the United States Air Force and Cephalon, Inc. and how it impacts the c - Research Proposal Example This study would discuss the leadership skills they have taken for their country. Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are clearly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members. â€Å"A set of common understandings around which action is organized†¦finding expression in language whose nuances are peculiar to the group† (Becker and Geer 1960). (Strategic Leadership and Decision Making: Organizational Culture, n.d). Purpose of study: This research is done to compare and contrast leadership and management styles of the United States Air Force and Cephalon, Inc. This research is done for finding the leadership styles and management styles of the USAF and Cephalon, Inc. This study includes the history, mission, vision, core values, raining p rocess, and opportunity of the organizations. Body: The most important responsibility of the USAF is national security, and their primary focus remained or strategic bombing, and plans for aerial release of nuclear bombs against the Soviet Union close air support to the Army to the delivery of tactical nuclear weapons on the combat zones. I’m retired Air Force and now an Air Force civilian at Pope AFB NC. Airman Raymond Losano and Tech .Sgt. John A.

Case Study-Police and the Law Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

-Police and the Law - Case Study Example For this reason, the Exclusionary Rule that is recognized by the United States Supreme Court comes to primary importance. For purposes of this brief analysis, this author will utilize the fundamental precepts of the Exclusionary Rule alongside three specific cases, Weeks v. United States, Rochin v. California, and Mapp v. Ohio, to illustrate the progressions that the judicial system has made with reference to realizing, appreciating, and categorizing the means by which evidence can be legally and rightfully obtained as well as recognized within a court of law. For purposes of clarity, the Exclusionary Rule will be defined within this analysis as a legal principle under constitutional law which states that any evidence that is collected which violates the rights of the defendant is non-admissible for criminal prosecution in a court of law. The importance of such a constraint is massive due to the fact that it helps to place much needed limits on the powers that the prosecuting entity, almost invariably that of law enforcement, can legally impose on an individual that is suspected of transgressing the law. For purposes of explanation, one can directly link the development and historical significance of the Exclusionary Rule to the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In such a way, the Exclusionary Rule can be understood as an expansion of the power that protects citizens from unlawful searches and seizures. As will be seen in the proceeding analysis, this prohibition against unlawful search and seizure can even extend into cases which police and the requisite authorities have all necessary search warrants necessary to perform a standard search (Fettig 2010). In this way, the unique level to which the exclusionary rule works within the judicial system helps to ensure that even if law enforcement representatives have requisite documentation, they are not allowed to deviate from a proscribed role in seeking to gain such evidence. As the following cas es will show, a great deal of development has taken place within the Exclusionary Rule and the means by which the rights of the individual have been championed in place of granting greater and more expansive powers to law enforcement. With respect to the first of these cases, that of Weeks v. United States (1914), this was a case that set a level of precedent with relation to the Fourth Amendment and the application thereof to ensure that evidence gained during a warrantless seizure was inadmissible in a federal court of law. The prohibition against allowing evidence procured in such a manner being admissible in a federal court of law was beyond merely disallowing federal agents to gather such evidence and present it within a federal court, it also prohibited federal agents from receiving evidence received in such a manner from being retrieved by their state or local counterparts. However, noticeably missing from this case was a prohibition against any evidence whatsoever being gath ered or utilized in such a way (Campbell 2011). The case itself was concentric upon Weeks having his own possessions rifled and taken during a police search that did not have the power of a search warrant. As such, Weeks protests were eventually heard by the Supreme Court and the case itself was thrown out due to the majority opinion that such a search violated the soon to be elaborated upon Exclusionary Rule

QFD (Quality Function Deployment) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

QFD (Quality Function Deployment) - Essay Example The Manufacturing Engineering  program provides a  unique and high quality  engineering education to prepare students for innovation, creativity, leadership and success. As a student in Manufacturing Engineering, one will learn  product design and innovation using cutting edge  3-D modeling tools and  computers,  control the high-tech machine tools including robotics that make the product, apply system theory, quality control and optimization  to manage the production and service system, and  compete in  the global environment. Industrial Requirements: A focus on Capital budgeting, deterministic investment analysis, probabilistic engineering economy, manufacturing cost models, utility theory, and computer applications to engineering economy. Industrial Requirements: Design of tooling for various manufacturing processes such as plastic injection, metal casting, stamping, forming, etc. Material properties, tolerances, cost, and tool interchangeability are covered. Industrial Requirements: To understand the modern concepts of using computers for manufacturing, including the theory of computer numerical control (CNC) and direct numerical control (DNC), CNC milling, and CNC tuning and computer-aided process design. Industrial Requirements: The emphasis of the course is on continuous quality improvement. To possess knowledge on process, capability analysis, philosophies of quality management, advanced statistical process control, quality costs, and automated quality control. Industrial Requirements: Ability to obtain and understand client requirements, and design a system with enough safety measures, component, or process related to industrial engineering to meet client requirements. Industrial Requirements: To understand the theoretical and practical aspects of the implications that the manufacturing process has on the design activities Issues such as rapid prototyping, tolerance, geometric modeling, capabilities of manufacturing processes,

Forecasting and business analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Forecasting and business analysis - Assignment Example The feasibility study concludes that Tribeco would benefit by expanding to Adelaide market. Expansion of business activities to other market area is a challenge that needs proper assessment and forecasting. Tribeco needs to get feasibility study of Adelaide market to assure them of profitability if they invest. As the name suggests, a feasibility study is an investigation of the practicality of an initiative. The feasibility study concentrates on assisting answer the essential query of whether a corporation should proceed with the planned project idea. All practices of the research are directed toward assisting answer this question. Feasibility analysis can be utilized in many approaches but primarily concentrate on proposed business project. For this study, RGRT, AWE and UR are essential for this study since they provide the summation needed to make a conclusion concerning the expansion idea. This paper illustrates methods of forecasting study applying regression of a given dataset. The method of forecasting employed is checked for the statistical significance of the regr ession model. It is important that the model must be significant in order to create a relevant and effective analysis (Shim and Siegel, 2007).   Recreational Good Retail Turnover (RGRT) concerns the sale of products that are not essential for life. Recreational goods are not usually fundamental to life, and could be offered as Christmas or other holiday’s presents. When a region has a high RGRT rate it indicates other essential needs are equally well taken care of. Average weekly earnings (AWE) are indicators of short-term earnings expansion giving monthly estimates of the stage of average weekly earnings per individuals. AWE substituted AEI (Average Earnings Index) in 2010. AWE measure was recognized as a National Statistic in 2010 and, as a result, it replaced the NAE (National Average Earnings)  Index as the heading

The argument regarding guns Essay Example for Free

The argument regarding guns Essay The argument regarding guns on campus has been a hot topic ever since the widely covered tragedies at Columbine High School and Virginia Tech University. Since those and other shootings have taken place, some states have decided to make provisions to gun carrying laws on campuses allowing students and faculty to arm themselves. However, not all states have been able to pass changes on such a polarizing issue, and are met by heavy opposition from anti-gun groups. The debate is one with deeply rooted emotions for some, as family members and friends have been directly affected by campus violence. No matter which side of the debate you stand on, one has to admit it is interesting to look at how past events may have been altered with different gun laws, as well as the possible risks and prevention that provisions could cause in the future. On April 16, 2007, a single gunman killed 32 people and injured 17 others before taking his own life on the campus of Virginia Tech. Armed with a backpack full of ammunition, Seung-Hui Cho went from classroom to classroom murdering students and teachers before the campus police finally broke down the barricade to the building he was in, and he turned the gun on himself. Although there is not a way to be sure of how something so random could have been prevented, there is also no doubt in the minds of some that it could have been stopped sooner and more innocent lives saved had there been permission to carrying handguns into the classroom. The response in regards to gun laws following the events in Virginia included â€Å"politicians in at least 25 states have considered new laws or policies designed to protect college students† (Lewis 1) within three months of the attacks. The Virginia Tech Massacre opened old wounds and created new ones, all while sparking nationwide interest and debate on how campuses deal with gun restrictions. In 2008, Arizona Senator Karen S. Johnson, following a shooting on the campus of Northern Illinois University, said that â€Å"the police, [Johnson] said, respond too slowly to such incidents and, beside, who better than the people staring down the barrel to take action? † (Archibold 1) Had there been a student or professor armed during the VTech massacre, there is a chance that the gunman could have been taken down much sooner, saving maybe even dozens of lives and preventing multiple injuries sustained during the attacks. Further supporting from 2008 were the figures on violent crimes on college campuses for the year. â€Å"There were 3,287 rapes, 60 killings, 5,026 assaults and 4,562 robberies across college campuses just in 2008†¦experts tell us campus crime is underreported. † (Burnett 1) Those numbers support the thinking that many self defense advocates use in believing they are at a higher risk of attack knowing that most likely someone walking around a college campus will not be armed. Also following the shooting at VTech, the â€Å"Students for Concealed Carry† was formed. Within 6 months of forming the group had chapters at 60 colleges across the nation, and today now has over 350 chapters in 46 states. In 2010 a Colorado court ruled in favor of the SCC claiming there were inconsistencies between laws enforced by the state and by campuses regarding the right to self defense. (Colorado Court of Appeals 3) Those opposed to the notion of allowing firearms on campus often hang onto the risks that such enactments could possibly result in. Eliminating gun-free campuses nationwide could, in a sense, create very tense and hostile environments in schools and brings up several questions such as, â€Å"Will students feel safer knowing that the student sitting next to them could be ’packing’? † (Siebel 1) The atmosphere created by the chance that there are people armed with guns sitting in close proximity to one another could spoil the integrity of academic debate (Rogers 1) in some if not most college campus settings, much pride is invested into the ability to share differing and sometimes controversial ideas on what could be an emotion stirring topic. [School] is a place where we depend on being able to speak our minds and offer sometimes controversial opinions in a free and open place, she said. The feeling among a percentage of faculty is that this will create a climate of fear and intimidation. (Frosch) The prospect of having guns in the classroom makes many people nervous or fearful for understandable reasons, and would likely lead to less focus on actual instruction and academic participation. This immediate effect could also hold larger ramifications as time goes on with the possibility of affected grades, graduation rates, and possibly even lower enrollment rate from state to state depending on the campus gun laws. However, contrary to this belief shared by anti-gun groups, there does not seem to be any major spike in crime on those campuses that do allow concealed weapons to be carried, â€Å"71 campuses in three states already allow licensed concealed carry on campus†¦done so for years without a single resulting incident. †(Burnett) This leads some to believe that the idea that allowing guns campus would turn them into potential warzones may be greatly exaggerated. Another major criticism gun carrying provisions say that the amount of issues that could arise from it outweigh the prevention possibilities suggested by supporters and would cause more gun related incidents to occur as a result. â€Å"[Critics] argue that the guns would make it easier for people barely out of adolescence, or perhaps emotionally troubled, to respond lethally to typical campus frustrations like poor grades or failed romances. † (Archibold 2) That mode of thinking was supported in 2002 when University of Arizona student Robert Flores Jr. shot and killed 3 of his professors then himself after reportedly being barred from taking an exam by one of his professors. It was determined to be premeditated and likely emotion driven as â€Å"police said [he] specifically targeted the instructors, killing one in her office on the second floor and shooting the others in a fourth-floor classroom as students dove for cover. † (Holguin) Of course in the same respect one could say that had the professors been armed some, if not all, lives could have been saved. One will almost never be able to definitively determine the emotions and motives behind someone going off on a rampage through a university, however it is not farfetched to predict that someone willing to take innocent lives would not be as likely to follow the laws concerning guns whether it was legal to carry or not. Opposition to the pro-gun stance in this issue claim that the chances of catastrophic events such as the VTech Massacre are â€Å"rare† and usually â€Å"either last long enough for armed campus security to respond, or are over before anyone can react. † (USA Today) While the likelihood of an attack occurring is admittedly not very high, it would be interesting to hear a Senator explain those odds to the family of someone killed in one of the many tragedies taken place across the country. Also needed to take into account is the fact that some reports on violent crime â€Å"excludes incidents in which only one person was killed or injured, as well as incidents in which a student started shooting, but no one died. † (CLAJ 291) Therefore leaving some reports skewed to the notion that an attack is not likely. The amounts of varying factors weighed in the decision whether or not to permit guns on campuses, causes a major divide between stances in the issue. Such a polarizing issue as gun control can never come to complete compromise. Those uneasy about the idea of having live firearms in a classroom are unlikely to ever feel completely comfortable, and those who feel their right to self defense is being violated will continue to do so. Whether or not more states decide to adopt changes to gun laws, there will continue to be close attention paid to the measures campuses and states take to ensure the safety of students and staff. We can always speculate what could have been prevented, however much can be taken from tragedies in the past in an effort to deter any future attacks and prevent any more senseless acts of violence.

Pizza Hut and Dominos in India

Pizza Hut and Dominos in India In case study the topic is pizza wars which happen in India in 1996 when Pizza Hut Dominos come in India. Until that there is no M.N.C. company in Pizza industry in India. So each company wants to make more profit and its right in India. For this each company launch new product and new skims for took over the second company. So pizza hut relied on its USP of dining experience , and Dominos USP was 30 minute delivery frame. For customer satisfaction both company change their recipes according to Indian culture. And Dominos also made a toll free telephone service. Both the company started in India with only one outlet but Dominos had 101 outlets in April 2001. And Pizza hut also start with only one outlet but it had 19 outlets in 2001. Dominos entered in India with an franchise agreement with Vam Bhatia and open its first outlet in Delhi. Pizza Hut also opens its first outlet in Delhi. At that time Indian wants very low price products but both of these company make costly products but very soon they relished it and make according to customers choice. By competition they gave many discounts and customers enjoy it. Then Dominos become more popular than Pizza Hut so Pizza Hut start following Dominos and make Spicy Paneer and Chicken Tikka. It opens a pure vegetarian restaurant at Ahmadabad. For attract people it make a 12 Pizza Rs 265 and Dominos decrease price and offered a large Pizza of Rs 129/-. After this sales of Dominos pizza was increase. HISTORY OF DOMINOS:- Dominos Pizza, Inc. (NYSE: DPZ) is an international pizza delivery corporation headquartered in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. estlistid in 1960, Dominos is the second-largest pizza chain in the United States. Now it has nearly 8500 corporate and franchised stores in 70 international markets and all 45 U.S. states. Dominos Pizza was sold to Bain Capital in 1998. Dominos menu features pizza, pasta, oven-baked sandwiches, wings, boneless chicken, salads, breadsticks, cheese sticks, and a variety of dessert items. In 1960, Tom and his brother, James, purchased a small pizza store in, Michigan. The deal was secured by a US$75 down payment. In 1965, the first Dominos Pizza franchise store opened in Ypsilanti. The company logo was originally planned to add a new dot with the addition of every new store. By 1978, the franchise opened its 200th store. In 1975, Dominos faced a lawsuit by Amstar Corporation, maker of Domino Sugar, alleging trademark infringement and unfair competition. On May 2, 1980, a federal appeals court found in favor of Dominos Pizza. In a 2009 survey of consumer taste preferences among national chains, Dominos was last tied with Chuck E. Cheeses. In December that year, Dominos announced plans to entirely reinvent its pizza. It began a self-flogging ad campaign in which consumers were filmed criticizing the pizzas quality and chefs were shown developing the new product. The new pizza was introduced that same month, and the following year, Dominos 50th anniversary, the company acquired J. Patrick Doyle as its new CEO experienced a historic 14.3% quarterly gain. The success was described by Doyle as one of the largest quarterly same-store sales jumps ever recorded by a major fast-food chain. PRODUCTS:- Dominos tapped into a market trend toward bite-size foods with spicy Buffalo Chicken Kickers, as an alternative to Buffalo wings. The breaded, baked, white-meat fillets, similar to chicken tenders, are packaged in a custom-designed box with two types of sauce to heat up and cool down the chicken. In August 2003, Dominos announced its first new pizza since January 2004, the Philly Cheese Steak Pizza. The product launch also marked the beginning of a partnership with the National Cattlemens Beef Association. Dominos continued its move toward specialty pizzas in 2006, with the introduction of its Brooklyn Style Pizza, featuring a thinner crust, cornmeal baked in to add crispness, and larger slices that could be folded in the style of traditional New York-style pizza. In 2008, Dominos once again branched out into non-pizza fare, offering oven-baked sandwiches in four styles. Early marketing for the sandwiches made varied references to its competition, such as offering free sandwiches to customers named Jared, a reference to Subways spokesman of the same name. The company introduced its American Legends line of specialty pizzas in 2009, featuring 40% more cheese than the companys regular pizzas, along with a greater variety of toppings. That same year, Dominos began selling its Bread Bowl Pasta entree, a lightly seasoned bread bowl baked with pasta inside, and Lava Crunch Cake dessert. Dominos promoted the item by flying in 1,000 cakes to deliver at Hofstadter Bluffs Visitor Center. HISTORY OF PIZZA HUT:- Pizza Hut entered India in 1996, and opened its first restaurant in Delhi. It has maintained an impressive growth rate of over40 per cent per annum. Pizza Hut now has about 100 restaurants; and employed nearly 4,000 people by end of 2004. It has invested about US$ 25 million in India; this is over and above investments made by franchisees. Its Brands Inc is the owner of the Pizza Hut chain worldwide. A Fortune 300 company, Yum! Brands own Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, AW and Long John Silvers restaurants worldwide. Yum! Generated more than US$ 25.9 billion in worldwide sales in the year 2003-04, and has more than35,000 restaurants in over 100 countries. Market share in INDIA: Pizza Hut is believed to have close to 50 per cent market share of the organized pizza-retailing segment market share in India. Financial performance According to an survey of Financial Express, the market size of the pizza segment is around US$ 87 million and currently growing at the rate of 15 per cent to17 per cent per annum. According to Pizza Hut sources, most of their outlets are financially successful encouraging further expansion. In India, the average investment for each outlet is US$ 275,000-335,000 and is borne by the franchisee. Factors for Success Offering value food, Employing economies of scale, Pizza Hut has made its offerings more affordable. Its delivery offer of US$ 4.4 for four personal pan pizzas has been very successful. They have recently introduced a range of vegetarian personal pan pizzas for US$ 1.1. Most Pizza Hut restaurants are located in the metros and smaller metros. Pizza Hut is consolidating its position by opening more restaurants in the metros where it already has a presence as well as opening outlets in new markets. Moving beyond metros According to company sources, Pizza Hut is moving beyond the metros and foraying into 12 to 13 new markets including Trichy, Nagpur, Bhubaneswar, Thiruvananthapuram and Pondicherry to increase penetration. Aggressive marketing and tie-ups with local and popular brands. Pizza Hut has increased its visibility by launching a well-received TV campaign aimed at the young crowd. It has formed partnerships with recognized brands such as Nestle and Pepsi. Developing the local supply chain. The local supply chain for Pizza Hut was developed by Yum! And currently 95 per cent of the ingredients they use are locally produced. They now import very few specialty items like pepperoni. Leveraging the India Advantage International brand with an Indian heart Pizza Hut is one of the first international pizza chains with purely vegetarian dine-ins at Chow patty (Mumbai), Ahmadabad and Surat, which also serve Jain menus. Pizza Hut has even opened two all-vegetarian restaurants in the western state of Gujarat to cater to the Jain religious community. Because their members prefer not to eat at places where meat is served. Offering more than the international menu International food chains typically offer only a few localized products in other parts of the world. However, Pizza Huts local menu is as large as the international one. According to Pizza Hut, the Indian food heritage is very rich, and hence Indians like local flavors. The Tandoori range of pizzas. Indigenous sourcing of raw materials Pizza Hut has reduced costs through indigenous sourcing of raw material. It has tied up with a local company Dynamics Dairy Industries Ltd (DDIL) for sourcing mozzarella cheese. CASE ANALYSIS What Management Concept(s) or Issues are highlighted in this case? Ans. In this case Why did the company face these issues? Could the resolution of these issues be done in a different manner? What do you learn from this case? 4. Are you aware of any other company that may have faced similar issues? How did that company resolve those issues?

Desmear and electroless plating

Desmear and electroless plating Introduction Printed circuit board is used in the electronic manufacturing for mechanical and electrical support. It is electronically connects the electric components using conductive traces, carved from copper covered onto a non-conductive material. Printed circuit board are usually include copper and copper mixture materials that are coated to provide good mechanical and good conductivity with other devices in the assembly. Printed circuits board are used in all electronic equipments such as computer and mobile phones and TV and communications equipment and satellite as well as in the control of gadgets in the factories, companies and other uses of the innumerable à Ã‚ t thà Ã‚ µ mà Ã‚ ¾mà Ã‚ µnt thà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µ iц¢  ° ц¢trà Ã‚ ¾ng inÑ rà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ in thà Ã‚ µ dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢irà Ã‚ µ fà Ã‚ ¾r jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding  °nd jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding-rigid and light à Ã‚  Ãƒ Ã‚ ¡Bц¢ duà Ã‚ µ tà Ã‚ ¾ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ µrt °in m °rkà Ã‚ µt ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ tà Ã‚ ¾rц¢. Thà Ã‚ µ inÑ rà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd tà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ hnà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ ¾giÑ Ã‚ °l dà Ã‚ µm °ndц¢ frà Ã‚ ¾m thà Ã‚ µ l °tà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t h °ndhà Ã‚ µld dà Ã‚ µviÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nt °ining Digital Ñ Ã‚ °mà Ã‚ µr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd nà Ã‚ µw high TV rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾lutià Ã‚ ¾n ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ rà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µnц¢  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ wà Ã‚ µll  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ nà Ã‚ µwà Ã‚ µr mà Ã‚ ¾bilà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬hà   ¾nà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ mà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °nц¢ th °t thà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µ iц¢  ° ц¢urgà Ã‚ µ in thà Ã‚ µ rà Ã‚ µquirà Ã‚ µmà Ã‚ µnt fà Ã‚ ¾r jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding-rigid Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà Ã‚ µlц¢  °nd multi-jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà Ã‚ µlц¢. Thà Ã‚ µ nà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µd tà Ã‚ ¾ m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾duÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà Ã‚ µl tyÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd tà Ã‚ ¾ rà Ã‚ µduÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t à Ã‚ ¾f m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turà Ã‚ µ,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °lw °yц¢ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ drivà Ã‚ µn thà Ã‚ µ dà Ã‚ µvà Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬mà Ã‚ µnt à Ã‚ ¾f nà Ã‚ µwà Ã‚ µr mà Ã‚ µthà Ã‚ ¾dц¢ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ing. (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ hlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ingà   µr, 2002, 82) Tà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ hniÑ Ã‚ °lly thà Ã‚ µ m °tà Ã‚ µri °lц¢ invà Ã‚ ¾lvà Ã‚ µd in jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding / jà Ã‚ ¾int bà Ã‚ µnding-rigid PCB bà Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ °rd m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turing gà Ã‚ µnà Ã‚ µr °tà Ã‚ µ  ° l °rgà Ã‚ µ numbà Ã‚ µr à Ã‚ ¾f iц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢uà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢. à Ã… ¾nà Ã‚ µ kà Ã‚ µy Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µrn iц¢ thà Ã‚ µ l °rgà Ã‚ µ use v °ri °nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f m °tà Ã‚ µri °lц¢ in à Ã‚ ¾nà Ã‚ µ bà Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ °rd build-uÑâ‚ ¬  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ wà Ã‚ µll  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µxà Ã‚ ¾tiÑ  n °turà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f thà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾nly uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd m °tà Ã‚ µri °lц¢, water consupmition  °nd thà Ã‚ µ inhà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µnt iц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢uà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µy r °iц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ. (à Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ hlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ingà Ã‚ µr, 2002, 82) PCB are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more design effort and higher initial cost than either wire-wrapped or point-to-point constructed circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, building, and quality control needs are set by standards (1). In 1885 before the appearance of electric circuit board and point to point production, plate of carton was used to connect the electric components with wires and it was heavy and has big volume. Before printed circuits point-to-point production was used for primary sample or small production runs wire. Circuit boards were produced in the mid-1930, by Austrian inventor Paul Eisler. During World War II the United States produced them on a huge range for use in war radios. During this period the invention remained use in the military part, and until the end of the war it became available for commercial use. Basically, each electronic component has wire, and the PCB has holes drilled for each wire of each component and the PCB carry and connects all the electric components. Printed circuit boards have copper tracks connecting the holes where the components are placed. They are designed specially for each circuit and make structure very easy. The coating on the surface of a circuit board are usually copper, created either by putting single lines mechanically, or by coating the all board in copper and remove away excess. The method of assembly is called through-hole formation. In modern circuit board production, it uses soldered in place on the board with very little hassle., this process is usually be done by putting the cool solder mixture, and baking the entire board to dissolve the components in place. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over wave, of molten solder in machine(1). In previous period to the creation of surface-mount technology was in the mid-1960s, all circuit boards used wire to attach components to the board. But With the removing the wires from circuit boards, circuit boards have become lighter and more efficient to produce. Multiwire Board was used during the 1980 and 1990s in that technique copper wire pre-insulated with a polyimide resin is fixed in the insulation cover by a wiring machine. Multiwire Board allows through wiring so that the number of wires be in one layer significantly increases, and consequently an high-density board can be manufactured with a smaller number of layers than an ordinary printed wire boards. In addition, as Multiwire Board uses copper wire of a uniform diameter, it is superior in various electric characteristics such as providing stable characteristic impedance. Surface-mount technology appeared in the 1960s, and became famous in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid 1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly on to the PCB surface. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting provides itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labour costs and incrassating the conductivity and greatly increasing production and quality rates. Surface mount devices (SMDs) can be one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight, and passive components can be one-half to one-quarter of the cost of corresponding through-hole parts (3). The advantages of Surface mount technology are: Smaller components. Smallest is currently 0.5 x 0.25 mm. Has higher number of components and more connections per component. Fewer holes should be drilled through abrasive boards. Easy automated assembly. Small mistakes in component placement are corrected automatically (the surface tension of the molten solder pulls the component into alignment with the solder pads). Components can be putted on both sides of the circuit board. Lower resistance at the connection. Good mechanical performance under shake and vibration conditions. SMT parts generally cost less than through-hole parts. Fewer unwanted RF signal effects in SMT parts when compared to leaded parts, yielding better predictability of component characteristics. Faster assembly. Some placement machines are capable of placing more than 50,000 components per hour. And there are some Disadvantages Thermal capacity of the heat generator results in slow reaction whereby thermal profiles can be distorted. Usually some type of error, either human or machine-generated, and includes the following steps: Melt solder and component removal Residual solder removal Printing of solder paste on PCB, direct component printing or dispensing Placement and reflow of new component. Over the past few year, electronic products, and especially those which fall within the category of Consumer Electronics have been significantly reduced in physical size and weight. Products such as cellular telephones, lap-top computers, pagers, camcorders, have been reduced by as much as3/4 of their original introductory size and weight. The most significant contributing factor to this reduction has been the inclusion of fine pitch, Surface Mount (SM) components. The larger, thicker and heavier leaded Through-Hole (TH) packages. The Surface Mount (SM) was developed to give the customer with increased component density and performance over the larger Dual-Inline-Package (DIP). The SM also provides the same high consistency. The Chip Scale (CSP) was developed to provide the customer with an additional increase in component performance and density over the SM . The CSP also provides the same high reliability as the DIP and SM package Components which are used in integrated circuits (chips), resistors, and capacitors can be soldered to the surface of the board or more commonly, attached by inserting their connecting pins or wires into holes drilled in the board. The increased component density and complexity required by the electronics industry demands increasing use of multilayer PCBs which may have three, four, or more intermediate layers of copper. Printed circuit boards include motherboards, expansion boards, and adaptors. Epoxy polymers are regularly used for electric circuit board manufacturing purposes, especially for built up layers and micro-vias in modern printed circuit boards. The sticking together of the plated metal layers to this polymer surface is primary importance for the consistency of the internal connection. Chemical treatment of the polymer surface changes the chemical and physical nature of the polymer. These results in specific groups of the polymer chain present on the surface and changes the roughness of the polymer layer. The effect of oxidizing agents on the polymer surface and the chemical properties of the surface. (4). Conducting layers are typically made of thin copper foil. Isolating layers are usually laminated together with epoxy resin. The board is usually coated with a solder cover that is green in color. Other colors that are normally available are blue, and red (2). A number of additional technologies may be applied to circuit boards for specialized uses: Circuit boards, for example, are designed to be slightly flexible, allowing the circuit board to be placed in positions which would not otherwise be practical, or to be used in wire systems. Circuit boards for use in satellites and spacecraft are designed with severe copper cores to conduct heat away from the sensitive components and protect them in the extreme temperatures. Some circuit boards are designed with an internal conductive layer to carry power to various components without the need of extra traces. Publications have documented the plating of nanoparticales of Cu (Copper plating) or Au on flexible polyimide ( Epoxy) by electroplating Copper plating is the process in which a coating of copper is deposited on the item to be plated by using an electric current. Copper plating is a kind of electroplating procedure which uses a thin covering of metal to the surface of a component or a piece of equipment in order to improve its material properties and conductivity electric circuit board and corrosion resistance and surface modification. Copper plating has an important use in another industries such as automotive, furniture, aerospace and ceramics. Important characteristics of the copper plating process involve the type of process, the copper plating solution and power consumption(5). Some important parameters must be take during copper plating: Kind of copper plating How much necessary capacity of the copper plating system How much power will spending during the copper plating process. The electroless copper platting process involves of four basic operations: cleaning, activation, acceleration, and deposition. Useful features of copper plating: Supply good basecoat for nickel and chromium. Increase the conductivity and reduce the cost of production Supply excellent electrical conductivity properties for applications such as electronics and telecommunications. Can be use as a mask in surface hardening procedures. Provide good lubrication in metal forming operations. Makes jewels look good. Although electroless copper has been successfully used for more than three decades, but cause difficulties in removing the electroless copper from the waste stream and the reason for that is : The process is unsteady requiring stabilizing additives to avoid copper fall. Environmentally is not good produces complex agents, such as EDTA The large number of process needs high water consumption. The electroless copper method has considerable percentage of water volume used. water use is high due to the essential rinsing required between nearly all of the process steps. Copper is found into the wastewater stream due to pull out from the cleaner conditioner, accelerator, and deposition baths process. Much of this copper is complexed with EDTA and needs special waste treatment considerations and that is not good for environmental. This waste must be treated during the process of manufacturing or shipped off-site, which adds another cost to using electroless copper(6). Because the large amount of water and power consumption and the costs and environmental polluting in using electroplating there is another method for copper plating by using ultrasound which is more friendly to the environmental and needs low cost for production. Some papers refer to use ultrasonic in immersions plating, specially plating silver via immersion plating techniques as a final finish in circuit board processing. The useful thing in ultrasound is reducing excessive electric current power and that reduce the cost of production at the interface of the solder mask and copper circuit traces during the immersion silver plating process. Ultrasonics also used in cleaning printed circuit boards before plating. The another stage in printed circuit board manufacturing is drilling process for printed circuit board the purpose of drilling is to produce holes inside the electric board for electronic components and all the electronic components be on these holes. Holes are drilled through the cover so that component can be inserted and then fixed firmly in place. There are generally two types of components that are attachable to the circuit board such as resistors, transistors, which are attached to the circuit board by putting each of the legs of components through a hole in the board. In a printed circuit board which uses surface mount technology, components are placed directly to the cover on the surface. Each set hole in the printed circuit board is planned to receive a exacting component. Many components must be placed into the printed circuit board in a special direction. The simplest printed circuit boards, wires must be printed on more than one surface of fiberglass to let all the component interconnections. Each surface containing printed wires is called a layer or film. Simple printed circuit board which requires only two layers, only one piece of fiberglass is required because wires can be printed on each sides. Some printed circuit board has several layers, individual circuit boards are manufactured individually and then coated together to produce one multi layer circuit board. To connect wires on two or more layers small holes called vias are drilled through the wires and fiberglass board at the point where the wires on the different layers cross. The interior surface of these holes is coated with metal so that electric current can flow through the vias. Some more complex computer circuit boards have more than 20 layers. The printed circuit board has green colour because presence of thin sheets of green plastic on the both sides and without that the printed circuit board will appears in pale yellow colour. Called solder masks, these sheets cover all metal other than the component covers and holes. Electric circuit components are manufactured with covered metal pins which are used to fix them to the printed circuit board both mechanically and electrically so electric current can pass between them. The soldering process, which provides mechanical bond and a very good electrical connection, is used to connect the components to the printed circuit board. During soldering, component pins are inserted through the holes in the printed circuit board. A multilayer printed circuit board which can be interlayer connection with low resistance. The multilayer printed circuit board have a conductive design on one face and without connection hole on the other face, for applying the conductive design to outside; a second substrate having a conductive design formed on a face opposed to the other face of first substrate and a conductive bump on the conductive design integrally. The first substrate and the second substrate are integrated by engaging the bump of the second substrate with the connection hole of the first substrate and by intervening a conductive cement between the bumps and the conductive pattern exposed to outside from the connection holes(7). Some papers refer to use laser drilling to create holes during the manufacturing process for printed circuit board and that is also possible with controlled drilling by using computer program software or by pre-drilling the individual sheets of the printed circuit board before production, in order to produce holes which connect only some of the copper covers, rather than let them to go through the all board. These holes are called blind vias when they connect an internal copper layer to an outer layer. Methods to Make Printed Circuits Board Thà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µ  °rà Ã‚ µ  ° h °ndful of w °yц¢  °v °il °blà Ã‚ µ to produce Pà Ã‚ ¡Bц¢. Thà Ã‚ µy yià Ã‚ µld rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ultц¢ of diffà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µnt qu °litià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, whà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µ qu °lity ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µmц¢ to bà Ã‚ µ invà Ã‚ µrц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µly proportion °l to thà Ã‚ µ  °mount of mà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ you m °kà Ã‚ µ (in moц¢t Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢),  °nd  °mount of monà Ã‚ µy you ц¢pà Ã‚ µnd (in  °ll Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢). Ill t °lk  ° bit  °bout à Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ h,  °nd thà Ã‚ µn Ñ omp °rà Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µm  °ll  °t thà Ã‚ µ bottom of thà Ã‚ µ p °gà Ã‚ µ. à Ã‚ ny proÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ th °t involvà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ m °king bo °rd will h °và Ã‚ µ  ° numbà Ã‚ µr of ц¢tà Ã‚ µpц¢ in Ñ ommon. à Ã‚ t  ° high là Ã‚ µvà Ã‚ µl and the steps include: ProÑ urà Ã‚ µ  ° b °rà Ã‚ µ bo °rd made from Epoxy resin (Ñ o °tà Ã‚ µd with  ° thin l °yà Ã‚ µr of Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr on à Ã‚ µithà Ã‚ µr onà Ã‚ µ or both ц¢idà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢) by using electroplating with copper. Moц¢t mà Ã‚ µthodц¢ will uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  ° pl °in bo °rd; photolithogr °phy rà Ã‚ µquirà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ onà Ã‚ µ Ñ o °tà Ã‚ µd with ц¢pà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ i °l light-ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µnц¢itivà Ã‚ µ Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiÑ Ã‚ °lц¢and ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ r °pà Ã‚ µ off  °ny burrц¢  °long thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd à Ã‚ µdgà Ã‚ µ (you w °nt  ° fl °t Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr ц¢urf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  °nd Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °n it wà Ã‚ µll to rà Ã‚ µmovà Ã‚ µ oxid °tion  °nd fingà Ã‚ µr oilц¢, follow up with dà Ã‚ µn °turà Ã‚ µd  °lÑ ohol to rà Ã‚ µmovà Ã ‚ µ  °ny oilц¢ or grà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ,  °nd finiц¢h by buffing with  ° và Ã‚ µry Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °n towà Ã‚ µl. From thiц¢ point on, youll w °nt to h °ndlà Ã‚ µ your bo °rd only by thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µdgà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to  °void gà Ã‚ µtting fingà Ã‚ µr oilц¢ on it. Dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢igning the Ñ irÑ uit board. Dà Ã‚ µpà Ã‚ µnding on how is the  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tu °l production for thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd, the dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign will t °kà Ã‚ µ onà Ã‚ µ of  ° numbà Ã‚ µr of diffà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µnt formц¢  ° h °nd-dr °wn ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µt of linà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ on p °pà Ã‚ µr,  ° Ñ omputà Ã‚ µr-dr °wn di °gr °m. Tr °nц¢fà Ã‚ µr the dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢irà Ã‚ µd Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ to thà Ã‚ µ pl °tà Ã‚ µd ц¢idà Ã‚ µ(ц¢) on the bo °rd; thà Ã‚ µ tr °nц¢fà Ã‚ µrrà Ã‚ µd tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °rà Ã‚ µ rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iц¢t °nt to the à Ã‚ µtÑ hing liquid. Moц¢t bo °rd produÑ tion mà Ã‚ µthodц¢ diffà Ã‚ µr only in how thà Ã‚ µy  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ompliц¢h thiц¢ ц¢tà Ã‚ µp. If the board needs gà Ã‚ µnà Ã‚ µr °ting  ° dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign vi ° Ñ omputà Ã‚ µr, that will needs to put ц¢omà Ã‚ µ thought into whiÑ h w °y the faces on the printà Ã‚ µd dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ign will be. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tÑ h thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd which was tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µd, The à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiÑ Ã‚ °l rà Ã‚ µmovà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °ll non-m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢kà Ã‚ µd Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr;  °ftà Ã‚ µr itц¢ donà Ã‚ µ and then give thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd  ° good w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢h undà Ã‚ µr running w °tà Ã‚ µr to rà Ã‚ µmovà Ã‚ µ  °ll tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ of thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt. In moц¢t Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt will à Ã‚ µithà Ã‚ µr bà Ã‚ µ Fà Ã‚ µrriÑ  à Ã‚ ¡hloridà Ã‚ µ or à Ã‚ mmonium Pà Ã‚ µrц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ (Fà Ã‚ µrriÑ  à Ã‚ ¡hloridà Ã‚ µ iц¢ morà Ã‚ µ popul °r). Thà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  °rà Ã‚ µ  °v °il °blà Ã‚ µ in both liquid (i.à Ã‚ µ., prà Ã‚ µmixà Ã‚ µd)  °nd powdà Ã‚ µr form; thà Ã‚ µ powdà Ã‚ µr iƘ†¢ gà Ã‚ µnà Ã‚ µr °lly quità Ã‚ µ  ° bit Ñ hà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °pà Ã‚ µr, but rà Ã‚ µquirà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ã‚ °rà Ã‚ µ whà Ã‚ µn mixing. à Ã‚ lц¢o notà Ã‚ µ th °t à Ã‚ µtÑ hing proÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µdц¢ f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà Ã‚ µr with w °rmà Ã‚ µr à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt,  °nd  °git °tion. à Ã‚ long with ц¢Ã‚ °ving you timà Ã‚ µ, f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t à Ã‚ µtÑ hing  °lц¢o produÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bà Ã‚ µttà Ã‚ µr à Ã‚ µdgà Ã‚ µ qu °lity  °nd Ñ onц¢iц¢tà Ã‚ µnt linà Ã‚ µ widthц¢, ц¢o f °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t iц¢ good in thiц¢ ц¢tà Ã‚ µp. Prà Ã‚ µ-hà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °t Fà Ã‚ µrriÑ  à Ã‚ ¡hloridà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ h °nt in thà Ã‚ µ miÑ row °và Ã‚ µ for 40 ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ ondц¢ à Ã‚ ¡ut thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd to fin °l ц¢izà Ã‚ µ  °nd ц¢h °pà Ã‚ µ,  °nd drill holà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd for Ñ omponà Ã‚ µnt là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °dц¢. Thà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ nà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µd to bà Ã‚ µ và Ã‚ µry ц¢m °ll holà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ( °bout 0.8 mm). à Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ °rà Ã‚ µfully ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ rub off thà Ã‚ µ m °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢k (with finà Ã‚ µ ц¢tà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µl wool undà Ã‚ µr running w °tà Ã‚ µr),  °nd popul °tà Ã‚ µ thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd (i.à Ã‚ µ., ц¢oldà Ã‚ µr with the Ñ omponà Ã‚ µntц¢). And only the mask ц¢hould ц¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ rub off thà Ã‚ µ whà Ã‚ µn the soldering is rà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °dy,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ oxidizà Ã‚ µ quiÑ kly within  ° fà Ã‚ µw d °yц¢. à Ã‚ ftà Ã‚ µr thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd iц¢ popul °tà Ã‚ µd (i.à Ã‚ µ.,  °ll thà Ã‚ µ Ñ omponà Ã‚ µntц¢ h °và Ã‚ µ bà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µn ц¢oldà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µd on), quiÑ k Ñ o °t of ц¢pr °y polyurà Ã‚ µth °nà Ã‚ µ v °rniц¢h, thiц¢ kà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µpц¢ thà Ã‚ µ ц¢hiny Ñ oppà Ã‚ µr tr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ looking ц¢hiny,  °nd providà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  ° bit of inц¢ul °tion  °g °inц¢t ц¢hortц¢ duà Ã‚ µ to ц¢tr °y wirà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bruц¢hing up  °g °inц¢t thà Ã‚ µ bo °rd. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Elà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ bà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µn ц¢uÑ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢fully uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd fà Ã‚ ¾r mà Ã‚ ¾rà Ã‚ µ th °n thrà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µ dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ã‚ °dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, limitц¢ à Ã‚ ¾n à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr °tà Ã‚ ¾r à Ã‚ µxÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢urà Ã‚ µ tà Ã‚ ¾ fà Ã‚ ¾rm °ldà Ã‚ µhydà Ã‚ µ  °nd diffiÑ ultià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ in rà Ã‚ µmà Ã‚ ¾ving thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr frà Ã‚ ¾m thà Ã‚ µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà Ã‚ µ ц¢trà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °m Ñ Ã‚ °uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd m °nuf °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ turà Ã‚ µrц¢ tà Ã‚ ¾ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µk other methods. Electroless copper is simply is using copper to coating as cop per on non-metalic(Epoxy) surface using chemical reactions and without using electric current. . It was used to make non-metallic surface conductive or has poor conductivity and that will provide electrical connection to the devices. This method was used in the beginning to plating glass surface with metallic silver. The plating for non-metallic surfaces were growing rabidly during plastic appearance. The plastic was used after that as non-metallic surface (Epoxy). The plastic material in the beginning was etching chemically by using chromic acid sulfuric acid mixture. The disadvantageous and advantagous for electroless plating compaired with other electro plating: (Coombs, 2007): Uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f fà Ã‚ ¾rm °ldà Ã‚ µhydà Ã‚ µ  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ rà Ã‚ µduÑ ing  °gà Ã‚ µnt. Thà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ iц¢ inhà Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ µntly unц¢t °blà Ã‚ µ, rà Ã‚ µquiring ц¢t °bilizing  °dditivà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ tà Ã‚ ¾  °và Ã‚ ¾id Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ iÑâ‚ ¬it °tià Ã‚ ¾n. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢nvirà Ã‚ ¾nmà Ã‚ µnt °lly undà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ir °blà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mÑâ‚ ¬là Ã‚ µxing  °gà Ã‚ µntц¢, ц¢uÑ h  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢DTà Ã‚ ,  °rà Ã‚ µ uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd. Thà Ã‚ µ l °rgà Ã‚ µ numbà Ã‚ µr à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd rinц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ t °nkц¢ Ñ Ã‚ °uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ high w °tà Ã‚ µr Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢umÑâ‚ ¬tià Ã‚ ¾n. Thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢iц¢tц¢ à Ã‚ ¾f fà Ã‚ ¾ur b °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iÑ  à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr °tià Ã‚ ¾nц¢: Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tiv °tià Ã‚ ¾n,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µr °tià Ã‚ ¾n,  °nd dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià Ã‚ ¾n (Coombs, 2007). à Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢t °nt à Ã‚ µtÑ hing r °tà Ã‚ µ. Thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ hing r °tà Ã‚ µ iц¢ dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µndà Ã‚ µnt à Ã‚ ¾n tà Ã‚ µmÑâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr °turà Ã‚ µ  °nd hydrà Ã‚ ¾gà Ã‚ µn Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µntr °tià Ã‚ ¾n, nà Ã‚ ¾t thà Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µntr °tià Ã‚ ¾n. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦imÑâ‚ ¬là Ã‚ µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà Ã‚ µ trà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °tmà Ã‚ µnt. Nà Ã‚ ¾ Ñ hà Ã‚ µl °tà Ã‚ ¾rц¢  °rà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µnt in ц¢ulfuriÑ -Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h °ntц¢. à Ã‚  high Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ity à Ã‚ ¾f 3 tà Ã‚ ¾ 4 à Ã‚ ¾unÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/g °llà Ã‚ ¾n. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ffiÑ ià Ã‚ µnt Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µry. à Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr ц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ rà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µry iц¢ uц¢u °lly 90-95% The electroless has steps which is includes below described steps Step 1: The Cleaner-. Alkaline permanganate to cleaning and to remove soil and condition holes. Step 2: Acid etching to remove copper surface contaminants. Step 3: Sulfuric Acid. Used to remove microetch. Step 4: Pre-dip. Used to stay chemical balance for the next treatment step. Step 5: Catalysis. Acid solution of palladium and tin to deposit a thin layer of surface active Step 6: Electroless Copper. Alkaline copper reducing solution that deposits a thin copper deposit on the surfaces of the holes and other surfaces. Thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢iц¢tц¢ à Ã‚ ¾f fà Ã‚ ¾ur b °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢iÑ  à Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr °tià Ã‚ ¾nц¢: Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tiv °tià Ã‚ ¾n,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µr °tià Ã‚ ¾n,  °nd dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià Ã‚ ¾n (Coombs, 2007). à Ã‚ n  °nti-t °rniц¢h b °th iц¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾n  °ftà Ã‚ µr dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià Ã‚ ¾n. Virtu °lly  °ll ц¢hà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬urÑ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  ° ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µrià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià Ã‚ µt °ry Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiц¢trià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ f rà Ã‚ ¾m  ° ц¢inglà Ã‚ µ và Ã‚ µndà Ã‚ ¾r th °t  °rà Ã‚ µ uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ ingrà Ã‚ µdià Ã‚ µntц¢ fà Ã‚ ¾r thà Ã‚ µ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µvà Ã‚ µr °l Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ b °thц¢ in thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà Ã‚ µ. à Ã‚ ¡là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning. Thà Ã‚ µ Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µgmà Ã‚ µnt bà Ã‚ µginц¢ with  ° Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °nà Ã‚ µr-Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nditià Ã‚ ¾nà Ã‚ µr dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ignà Ã‚ µd tà Ã‚ ¾ rà Ã‚ µmà Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾rg °niÑ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °nd Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nditià Ã‚ ¾n (in thiц¢ Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ ц¢wà Ã‚ µll) thà Ã‚ µ hà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µ b °rrà Ã‚ µlц¢ fà Ã‚ ¾r thà Ã‚ µ ц¢ubц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µquà Ã‚ µnt uÑâ‚ ¬t °kà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñ Ã‚ °t °lyц¢t, fà Ã‚ ¾llà Ã‚ ¾wà Ã‚ µd by  ° miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h ц¢tà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬. Thà Ã‚ µ Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °nà Ã‚ µr-Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nditià Ã‚ ¾nà Ã‚ µrц¢  °rà Ã‚ µ tyÑâ‚ ¬iÑ Ã‚ °lly Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià Ã‚ µt °ry fà Ã‚ ¾rmul °tià Ã‚ ¾nц¢,  °nd mà Ã ‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tly Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢iц¢t à Ã‚ ¾f Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾n  °lk °linà Ã‚ µ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾lutià Ã‚ ¾nц¢. à Ã‚  miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h ц¢tà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬ Ñ Ã‚ °n bà Ã‚ µ fà Ã‚ ¾und à Ã‚ ¾n thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà Ã‚ µ, à Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ linà Ã‚ µ, Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °ttà Ã‚ µrn Ñâ‚ ¬l °tà Ã‚ µ linà Ã‚ µ  °nd with Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiÑ Ã‚ °l Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning if th °t iц¢ thà Ã‚ µ Ñ là Ã‚ µÃ‚ °ning mà Ã‚ µthà Ã‚ ¾d uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd. Thrà Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ µ Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiц¢try  °ltà Ã‚ µrn °tivà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢  °rà Ã‚ µ  °v °il °blà Ã‚ µ. à Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ulfuriÑ   °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id-hydrà Ã‚ ¾gà Ã‚ µn Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ (Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nц¢iц¢ting à Ã‚ ¾f 5% ц¢ulfuriÑ   °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id  °nd 1% tà Ã‚ ¾ 3% Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ) iц¢ mà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢t Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾n, fà Ã‚ ¾llà Ã‚ ¾wà Ã‚ µd by ц¢ulfuriÑ   °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id-Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾t °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ium (à Ã‚ ¾r ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾dium) Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ (5% ц¢ulfuriÑ , 8 tà Ã‚ ¾ 16 à Ã‚ ¾unÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢/ g °llà Ã‚ ¾n Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ)  °nd  °mmà Ã‚ ¾nium Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrц¢ulf °tà Ã‚ µ. In à Ã‚ µÃ‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ h Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ, thà Ã‚ µ miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h b °th iц¢ fà Ã‚ ¾llà Ã‚ ¾wà Ã‚ µd by  ° ц¢ulfuriÑ   °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ id diÑâ‚ ¬, whiÑ h ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µrvà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ tà Ã‚ ¾ rà Ã‚ µmà Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µ  °ny rà Ã‚ µm °ining à Ã‚ ¾xidizà Ã‚ µr. à Ã‚ bà Ã‚ ¾ut 40 miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾inÑ hà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr  °rà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µtÑ hà Ã‚ µd fà Ã‚ ¾r thà Ã‚ µ m °king hà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾nduÑ tivà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢. B °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd à Ã‚ ¾n  ° 3-4 à Ã‚ ¾unÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñ Ã‚ °rrying Ñ Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ ity,  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rà Ã‚ ¾xim °tà Ã‚ µly 0.0183 g °llà Ã‚ ¾nц¢ à Ã‚ ¾f miÑ rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µtÑ h  °rà Ã‚ µ uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr ц¢qu °rà Ã‚ µ fà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾t à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾duÑ t run. Thiц¢ figurà Ã‚ µ dà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ nà Ã‚ ¾t inÑ ludà Ã‚ µ  °ny ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾lutià Ã‚ ¾n th °t m °y bà Ã‚ µ dr °ggà Ã‚ µd à Ã‚ ¾ut whà Ã‚ µn thà Ã‚ µ Ñâ‚ ¬Ã‚ °nà Ã‚ µlц¢  °rà Ã‚ µ mà Ã‚ ¾và Ã‚ µd tà Ã‚ ¾ thà Ã‚ µ nà Ã‚ µxt t °nk. Thà Ã‚ µ ц¢ulfuriÑ -Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrà Ã‚ ¾xidà Ã‚ µ  °ltà Ã‚ µrn °tivà Ã‚ µ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mà Ã‚ µ  °ttr °Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ tivà Ã‚ µ w °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢tà Ã‚ µ trà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °tmà Ã‚ µnt  °nd Ñâ‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µrfà Ã‚ ¾rm °nÑ Ãƒ Ã‚ µ fà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °turà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (Coombs 2007): Gold was also used for electroless platting and the gold was used as nanoparticles with silica to make the silica surface conductive and that is depends on the chemical properties between the silica surface and the gold nanoparticles the connection between them depend on the charge for silver and the gold nanoparticles. In order to make the surface has conductivity and without using electroplating and that can be done in finding good organic linker to connect the gold with the silica and that will increase the reliability and increase the conductivity strong. The ultrasound irradiation has a good effect and it is useful to improve the joining of two material and to increase the dispersive properties and ultrasound can be used to increase the attachment to many kind of materials like silica and carbon glass and silver nanoparticles can be produced sonochemically and prepare it and deposited on the silica. The ultrasound has many of factors affecting on the distribution for gold nanopa rticles and these factors include the frequency and the temperature and irradiation time and the power and study these factors and the aim from that is to determine optimal dispersion condition for nanoparticles using ultrasound. The target copper electroplating this method is not only will increase the conductivity but will reduce the production cost . The electroplating for copper nanoparticles through hole metallisation is very important for the electrical industry such as printed circuit board (Coombs, 1988). à Ã‚ n  °nti-t °rniц¢h b °th iц¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾mmà Ã‚ ¾n  °ftà Ã‚ µr dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢itià Ã‚ ¾n. Virtu °lly  °ll ц¢hà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñâ‚ ¬urÑ h °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µ  ° ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µrià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ à Ã‚ ¾f Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬rià Ã‚ µt °ry Ñ hà Ã‚ µmiц¢trià Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ frà Ã‚ ¾m  ° ц¢inglà Ã‚ µ và Ã‚ µndà Ã‚ ¾r th °t  °rà Ã‚ µ uц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µd  °Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ thà Ã‚ µ ingrà Ã‚ µdià Ã‚ µntц¢ fà Ã‚ ¾r thà Ã‚ µ ц¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µvà Ã‚ µr °l Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ b °thц¢ in thà Ã‚ µ à Ã‚ µlà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ trà Ã‚ ¾là Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ñ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ µr Ñâ‚ ¬rà Ã‚ ¾Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ linà Ã‚ µ The metallization for PCB can be done by electroplating and electroless plating or electrolytic plating. Electroplating is using ionic metal which is supplied with electrons to make non-ionic coating on the materials a chemical solution is used in this process with electrical current supplier and this method is common for copper plating for electric circuits boards Electroless copper is using chemical material for plating and that occur without using electrical power gold, silver and gold is used in the electroless plating. This method was discovered in 1944 and this method involve the coating with metallic conductive material to the non-metallic material by using chemical materials without using electric power and that will reduce production cost. Electroplating was used for non-metallic material such as plastics (Epoxy) which are used in the printed circuits boards Dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢mà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °r Desmear is the process which is used to remove smeared epoxy-resin and this process involves three steps (Solvent swell, Permanganate and nutulaizer) and that is important to ensure electrical conductivity for the layer after deposition process. Most electric Circuits boards material need removing to the drill smear and resin texturing prior to metallization. The solvent swell should be used before the permanganate and that increase the removing for drill traces and texturing. Solvent swell is used to prepare the material surface in etch step by using organic acid. Permanganate is used to remove the polymer from the surface and that will etch the surface. Neutulizer is using hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid to remove the smear left on the material surface after using permanganate and solvent swell. à Ã‚ ¡hà Ã‚ µmiц¢try à Ã‚ ¾f Dà Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬ ¢mà Ã‚ µÃ‚ °r à Ã‚  l °ting Desmear process includs chemical reaction which are oxidation reactions by using alkaline permanganate ( Potassium or sodium) and this step called solvent swell. Alkaline permanganate is highly oxidizing medium. In the oxidation process for permanganate the permanganate reduced to manganate and manganate and then react with water to produce insoluble manganese dioxide in the reaction below: (Deckert, 1984) MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e- → MnO2 + 4OH- In the neutralization process includes removing the surface to ensure that all manganese dioxide are removed from the board surface and through holes. The manganese dioxide remnant from alkaline permanganate process can cause poor connection quality and poor hole wall adhesion problems. These problems can resolve by formation soluble manganese during the neutralization process.

Left Behind :: essays research papers

This book is about the Tribulation period that takes place after the Rapture of the church. It begins on an airplane; people suddenly disappear leaving nothing but their clothes, jewelry, etc. The airplane pilot, Rayford Steele, is the main character. Non-believers of Jesus Christ and his followers are terrified and frightened as they try to figure out what has happened to their loved ones. Rayford Steele is directed back to his airport. Flights across the world are grounded, due to the car accidents, sudden disappearances, and believe it or not, plane crashes. His wife and his son, in the earlier days had become very strong Christians. As he lands the 7-47, a thought crosses Rayford’s mind is my wife still here, are my kids okay, is my family still alive? Guilt came upon him, thus he was struggling with his marriage, and he thought about having an affair with his head stewardess, Hattie. Hattie befriends a young journalist on the plane and they try to make contacts with their families after the Rapture. They plan to keep in touch after the plane lands. After hours of confusion and turmoil passes, Rayford makes his way home. Only to find his wife and son missing, their clothes being the only piece of evidence left. When the dramatic feeling sets in, he contacts his daughter, Chloe, and right away she makes her way home. In desperate need of answers, Chloe and Rayford search for answers about these mysterious cases of disappearance. Suddenly, Rayford remember his wife talking about what the Christians called â€Å"The Rapture†, she was always bringing up how they would vanish from the face of the earth. Rayford took her for granted and forgot about it completely. Everything she said began to make more and more sense, so to find the rational explanations he needed to answer these prophecies, he picked up the Holy Bible. Rayford took the next step; he went to his wife's church to find Bruce, who was also too proud to accept a word the Christians had said before the Rapture. Bruce gives Rayford a video of explanation for the Rapture and Rayford studied it. In the tape, he learns that the Rapture is the event in where Jesus takes his followers, known as the Christians and brings them to heaven, where the Christians will receive eternal life. At the end of the video Rayford Steele then received the Lord God into his heart and became a Christian. Left Behind :: essays research papers This book is about the Tribulation period that takes place after the Rapture of the church. It begins on an airplane; people suddenly disappear leaving nothing but their clothes, jewelry, etc. The airplane pilot, Rayford Steele, is the main character. Non-believers of Jesus Christ and his followers are terrified and frightened as they try to figure out what has happened to their loved ones. Rayford Steele is directed back to his airport. Flights across the world are grounded, due to the car accidents, sudden disappearances, and believe it or not, plane crashes. His wife and his son, in the earlier days had become very strong Christians. As he lands the 7-47, a thought crosses Rayford’s mind is my wife still here, are my kids okay, is my family still alive? Guilt came upon him, thus he was struggling with his marriage, and he thought about having an affair with his head stewardess, Hattie. Hattie befriends a young journalist on the plane and they try to make contacts with their families after the Rapture. They plan to keep in touch after the plane lands. After hours of confusion and turmoil passes, Rayford makes his way home. Only to find his wife and son missing, their clothes being the only piece of evidence left. When the dramatic feeling sets in, he contacts his daughter, Chloe, and right away she makes her way home. In desperate need of answers, Chloe and Rayford search for answers about these mysterious cases of disappearance. Suddenly, Rayford remember his wife talking about what the Christians called â€Å"The Rapture†, she was always bringing up how they would vanish from the face of the earth. Rayford took her for granted and forgot about it completely. Everything she said began to make more and more sense, so to find the rational explanations he needed to answer these prophecies, he picked up the Holy Bible. Rayford took the next step; he went to his wife's church to find Bruce, who was also too proud to accept a word the Christians had said before the Rapture. Bruce gives Rayford a video of explanation for the Rapture and Rayford studied it. In the tape, he learns that the Rapture is the event in where Jesus takes his followers, known as the Christians and brings them to heaven, where the Christians will receive eternal life. At the end of the video Rayford Steele then received the Lord God into his heart and became a Christian.

Far from the madding crowd’ is set in the late 1860s to the early 1870s :: Free Essay Writer

Far from the madding crowd’ is set in the late 1860s to the early 1870s in Wessex, a fictional county based heavily on Dorset. Far From The Madding Crowd Thomas hardy was born in 1840 in Dorset which is located near Dorchester. Hardy's first important novel was Far from the Madding Crowd in which he successfully adapted to a traditional form to his own purposes, slightly changing it in the process. His novel states the importance of man's connection to, and understanding of, the natural world. The story is set in an agricultural rural community. He viewed the industrial revolution as a major threat to the communities he loved. The main character in this novel is a shepherd who is called Gabriel, this gives off a very pastoral mood in the novel. The plot develops complications when Bathsheba has love for three different men. Gabriel Oak who is the shepphard embodies Hardy's ideal of a life in harmony with the forces of the natural world. Throughout the entire novel there are unusual twists and turns and in the end Bathsheba ultimately marries Gabriel, whom she had turned away so long ago. In the story of all Thomas Hardy’s novels, both love and fate play major roles. In the first chapter we are introduced to Gabriel oak. He is a young sheppard. The main incident starts when Gabriel is walking in the countryside and he sees a wagon travelling down the road, and sees this young attractive woman is sitting on top if it. The Waggoner comes to a halt when they reached the gatekeeper and they had to pay a fee of three pence but the woman refused and only offered two pence. Gabriel stepped forward and paid the gatekeeper the rest of the fee and he insisted to let the women pass. ‘Far from the madding crowd’ is set in the late 1860s to the early 1870s in Wessex, a fictional county based heavily on Dorset. The village where Gabriel oak lives is in a small rural community. Many people such as Oak liked to hold onto their traditional views and values. Nowadays many of these views would be considered conservative and possibly outdated. Oak being a Shepard is very significant because it links back to the bible, so there are a lot of religious and biblical references in this novel. Most people went to church on Sunday. Church was very important. We learn that Gabriel Oak goes to church but doesn’t take it seriously. Hardy uses rural dialect to bring the minor characters to life, this gives them some personality. ‘Higgling matter’. Even though it is a winter’s day it is described as

full metal jacket Essay -- essays research papers fc

Full Metal Jacket and Platoon are clearly two of the biggest movies ever made about the Vietnam War; therefore, they will always be compared and contrasted to each other. Platoon was based on Oliver Stone’s own experience so he used simple war movie techniques to give a realistic sense of what jungle warfare was like. Kubrick’s Full Metal Jacket was based on Gustav Hasford’s experience, but Kubrick wanted to use the story to explore what made people into killers. These two films take very different approaches and if we are to compare them it should be in the capacity to understand what war means to the average person. Both of the films are very detailed in depicting what actual warfare is like; however, Platoon gives a great sense of the environment: miserably hot, extremely intense, disease filled, and a very scary environment no one would readily want to visit. Full Metal Jacket explores this too, but focuses a lot attention on the process and training involved in preparing for war. These two films are a lot alike in two aspects: they both view the war pretty much through the eyes of one soldier and they both seriously glorify war and make it appear very glamorous. Both have strong male leads who it appears live in a strange masculine realm where everyday rules do not necessarily apply to everyday people. This concept is always appealing to males because even if they were never in combat they feel as if they have â€Å"experienced† it. Both ...

Introduction to Banking Essay

1) Outline three ways in which the behavior of the financial system could affect the level of aggregate demand in the economy. The creation of liquid assets, the expansion of banking and money and the changes in people’s financial wealth are three ways by which the financial system could affect the level of aggregate demand in the economy. For a real economy to expand, liquidity of assets is a requirement and the availability of liquid assets increases the aggregate demand in the economy as consumers have easy access to cash when needed as liquid assets are assets that can be easily converted into cash. The expansion of banking and money also affects the level of aggregate demand in a positive way. The availability of proper banking systems which include financial intermediation increases the aggregate demand in the economy as people would be encouraged to spend and invest. Depending on the economy’s situation, changes in people’s financial wealth can have either a positive or negative on aggregate demand. Suppose the economy was experiencing a boom, the level of income and expenditure would be high and people would tend to spend more as a result of an increase in the aggregate demand. However, if the economy was going through a recession, the opposite would occur leading to a decline in spending thus a decrease in aggregate demand. 2) Suppose that prices in the US stock market suffer a major collapse. What effect would you expect this to have upon the rest of the US economy and the economies of other developed countries? As a reflection to what has happened in January 2001 when the FTSE-100 index of stock prices fell by 50%, the US economy, economies of other countries and people within the US were greatly affected by this fall in prices. Possible effects would include central bank’s around the world lowering interest rates, aggregate demand would decline, saving would increase since people would become very reluctant to invest in stocks, people committed to paying pensions would find that their investments would no longer support  their payments. 3) Why does a company’s share price matter in a takeover battle? If you were the financial director of the predator firm, what would you want to happen to your firm’s share price? Might you be able to influence it in any way? In general, the share price determines how much needs to be paid for a takeover to take place. The share price matters because it reflects a unit of ownership in a company which works as an advantage in the case of a takeover battle if it was low. As a financial director of the predator firm, I would want to increase the share price as much as possible to protect the firm and to stimulate competition. I would try to influence the price though marketing and through focusing on the potential market share. 4) Why might financial systems fail to allocate resources to their most desirable use? Financial systems might fail to allocate resources to their most desirable use due to different reasons which include: lack of resources available in the economy, shortage of funds circulating in the financial system, the cost of investment might be high, the interest rates might be high and many different competitors working within the same sectors hinders the proper allocation of resources to their most desirable use.