Should the Australian government introduce a carbon tax aimed at Lab Report

Should the Australian government introduce a carbon tax aimed at reducing carbon emissions - Lab Report Example In that context, Australia has a great stake in the goal and objective of opting for a sustainable economic growth and development. At the minimum, Australia needs to play a proportionate role in the achievement of the environmental objectives set by the world community (Garnaut 2011, p. 12). If Australia does not cooperate and collaborate in the achievement of these objectives, it stands more to lose as compared to any other developed nation (Garnaut 2011, p.15). The objective of this report is to ponder on the viability of the Australian government imposing a carbon tax so as to reduce the carbon emissions. The report analysis this proposal in a holistic context while taking into consideration the possible pros and cons of imposing this tax. The report came to the conclusion that imposing such a tax tends to benefit Australia in the long run. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................ 4 2.0 Discussion ........................................................................................... 5 2.1 The Impact of Carbon Tax on Carbon Emissions ...................... 5 2.2 Advantages of Carbon Tax ........................................................... ... ......................................................... 10 1.0 Introduction To put it simply, carbon tax is a type of environmental tax that is imposed with context to the carbon content of fuels (Burney 2010, p. 4). It is a way of placing a price on the carbon emissions produced by individuals and corporations. Fossils fuels do tend to have very high carbon content, which on combustion release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On the contrary there exist many cleaner sources of energy like the nuclear energy, solar energy and hydropower which do not contribute any carbon emissions to the environment. The purpose of a carbon tax is to place a price on the carbon emissions, thereby motivating the individuals and corporations to opt for cleaner sources of energy (Anderson & Ekins 2010, p. 12). It goes without saying that the Australian economy is today dependent on many emission intensive industries (Garnaut 2011, p. 22). In the contemporary context, Australia has far higher carbon emissions per capita as compared to any other developed nation (Garnaut 2011, p. 24). So, reasonably speaking, the international community has very high expectations with regards to Australia’s ability to check carbon emissions (Ayers 2006, p. 38). Besides, by achieving tolerable carbon emission rates, Australia stands to benefit tremendously as far as the objective of safeguarding its natural environment and ecology is concerned (Garnaut 2011, p. 11). Yes, it is possible to avoid change by citing varied excuses for the nation’s inability to opt for an environment friendly future. However, such an approach could have an unwarranted impact on the Australian economy in the form of facilitating a reason for the introduction of discriminatory trade interventions by other nations (Harris

Strategies to Develop Communication in Healthcare

Strategies to Develop Communication in Healthcare Numerous human services associations are utilizing social networking to captivate with patients and buyers. The essential centre for most associations online networking projects is showcasing and interchanges. Social networking is moving individuals far from a dependence on publicizing in settling on acquiring choices; buyers are depending all the more on the data they discover on the web. For medicinal services, this gets to be progressively applicable as the general population has entry to quality and expense appraisals. Purchasers additionally are utilizing the sentiments they discover online to educate their buys. Organizations are utilizing social networking to showcase their messages and urge their clients to advertise their items and administrations. Medicinal services associations that offer a venue for patients to impart their constructive encounters and particular stories can send an effective message to buyers who are figuring out where to get their social insurance administrations. Medicinal services associations likewise utilize online networking to convey their mission and vision, depict the administrations they offer, and give wellbeing training. A few associations use social networking to advertise health and backer online help discussions where people who are managing unending wellbeing issues or disastrous conditions can discover help from other people who are having comparable encounters. On a few destinations, doctors and different clinicians teach general society on basic ailments, what is possible to adapt to conditions, and how to augment the personal satisfaction for the person who is experiencing the ailment. Many organizations use social media to encourage philanthropy. By publicizing their services, promoting patient advocacy, displaying credentials, and describing the tangible and intangible community benefits they provide, organizations can encourage benefactors to invest in their mission. Finally, many organizations including healthcare are using social media for recruitment. They advertise their available positions and also search social media sites to determine the integrity and trustworthiness of potential hires. Human resources departments must be fully aware of labor laws when accessing social media on new hires or current employees. Social media are not the answer to everything, but do afford opportunities for people to keep in touch, increase their networks and reduce isolation. I believe they provide a useful additional tool in the practitioner’s tool kit. The culture of a health care organization, whether big or small, plays an important role in the ethical decision-making it undertakes. When small businesses serving the health care industry place more emphasis on profit, they risk losing their integrity. Health care practices that are more concerned with their place in the market often face greater challenges in maintaining ethical standards. On the other hand, an organization that promotes a thoughtful culture fosters decision-making based on what’s best for your patients, your staff and the community as a whole. The key components for organisation culture like performance measurement, leader ship, coordinating. The culture of a health care organization, whether big or small, plays an important role in the ethical decision-making it undertakes, according to the Ethics Resource Centre. When small businesses serving the health care industry place more emphasis on profit, they risk losing their integrity. Health care practices that are more concerned with their place in the market often face greater challenges in maintaining ethical standards. On the other hand, an organization that promotes a thoughtful culture fosters decision-making based on what’s best for your patients, your staff and the community as a whole. There are three leadership characteristics that potentially affect leadership effectiveness. These include the leader’s background and training; leader autonomy; and position formality. Coordinating comprise of six ways mechanism, mutual understand. direct supervision. Training and education. standardisation of routine and programme. Standardisation of output goals. standardisation of organisational norms and values. Decision-making is the two-way communication process between a patient and one or more health practitioners that is central to patient-centred healthcare. It reflects the ethical principle that a patient has the right to decide what is appropriate for them, taking into account their personal circumstances, beliefs and priorities. This includes the right to accept or to decline the offer of certain healthcare and to change that decision. In order for a patient to exercise this right to decide, they require the information that is relevant to them. Certain principles need to be fulfilled: Patient ability to make decision Patient can clearly understand medical language Transparent communication between patient and healthcare provider Providing information and education improves patient, family and carer capacity for involvement, understanding, participation and partnership in an individual’s care. It can also build an individual’s engagement with health practitioners. Key steps that required in decision making process: identify and obtain existing care instructions clarify relevant medical issues define decision making capacity identify the primary decision maker certify the existence of any qualifying conditions define and present relevant health care issues update care instructions, as needed implement choices related to health care decisions review situation and continue or modify approaches Firstly, as with so many aspects of organisational management, developing plans, system, pathways, and a conductive climate for internal communication is only the beginning. In order to maintain internal communication and continue to make it better I have to look at it regularly to see how I am doing. Monitoring it on a regular basis will help me identify where it’s working and where it’s not, and to keep working toward my communication goals. Check staff satisfaction on the level, speed and inclusiveness of the information and other communication they received. I will feel that they are working in organisation and they are important to the organisation always. I will feel them more comfortable in organisation so they can easily communicate with each other employees in the organisation and will give outcomes. I will provide accessibility to everyone to speak in organisation without taking permission from anyone else. To mitigate communication obstacles, occasionally celebrate social activity, arrange party for employees to get relaxation. Celebrating birthdays, organisational anniversary and particularly success is another way to bring people together. The goal is not necessary to make staff member’s best friends who spend all their time together out of work but rather to make people comfortable with one another. Second strategy to mitigate communication obstacles in given case study, as a manager I should do regular meetings of his staff once in a week or monthly. Meetings are very essential to achieve a goal in organisation so in meetings every staff members can share their idea and problems. As a manager I should hear that what’s going in the hospital in the staff. After listening all issues I will make one chart of rescheduling the duty between title supervisor so nobody can suffer from heavy duty role and workload. Whenever I know that work load is growing, immediately I will arrange other supervisor from my group to help the transcription supervisor to reduce the burden of work. In given situation, I personally arranged meeting with transcription supervisor to discuss about problems so that we can negotiate about it and reached towards a solution. Meetings can arrange in any time like lunch or breakfast meetings so it change the tone of employees. For improving team work as a man ager of health information I will provide all key tasks and training to each team member to better communication between them.

Ants, Little But Mighty :: essays research papers

Ants, Little but Mighty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is an ant? Ants are insects, they have six legs and each leg has three joints. Ants legs are very strong. With it’s little legs it can lift twenty-five time its own body weight. They have two stomachs. One stomach holds its food, and the second holds food to be shared with other ants. The out side of their body is covered with a hard armor. This is called the exoskeleton. Ants have four growing stages, the egg, larva, pupa, and the adult. There are over 100,000 known species of ants. Each ant colony has at least one or more queens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The queens job is to lay eggs. How does she start her colony? Well in the spring all the males and young winged queens leave there nest and fly high in the air and mate. The few ant queens that survive this â€Å"marriage flight† cast off there wings and instinctively begin to look for a spot to start a new ant colony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After making a nest, the young queen ant seals off the entrance and begins to lay eggs. Some of the first batch are eaten by the queen for nourishment. When the surviving eggs hatch they become like larvae. After a few weeks each larva spins a cocoon around itself and pupates. In a few more weeks, adult workers emerge. It is their job to hunt for food and make the nest bigger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More workers will develop and the colony gets very organized. The new workers will completely take over as caretakers of the eggs, larvae, and pupae. Now the queens only duty is to lay more and more eggs, thousands of them in her lifetime. Many wingless workers develop and help to enlarge the nest into an intricate network of tunnels and chambers that will eventually house thousands of ants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the colony becomes well established, the queen begins to lay some eggs that develop into queens and males. It takes a few years before a colony becomes large enough to send out winged males and young queens to start new colonies. The cycle will now begin all over again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ant nests come in all shapes and sizes. One tropical species built a nest that extended forty feet below the surface of the ground. Another species built a nets that covered an area the size of a tennis court. Ants know the best time to build a nest, that’s after it rains. The damp soil is easier to work with. Their are many chambers in an ants nest. Some rooms are used to store the food. Some are used for storage of ant eggs. Ants, Little But Mighty :: essays research papers Ants, Little but Mighty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What is an ant? Ants are insects, they have six legs and each leg has three joints. Ants legs are very strong. With it’s little legs it can lift twenty-five time its own body weight. They have two stomachs. One stomach holds its food, and the second holds food to be shared with other ants. The out side of their body is covered with a hard armor. This is called the exoskeleton. Ants have four growing stages, the egg, larva, pupa, and the adult. There are over 100,000 known species of ants. Each ant colony has at least one or more queens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The queens job is to lay eggs. How does she start her colony? Well in the spring all the males and young winged queens leave there nest and fly high in the air and mate. The few ant queens that survive this â€Å"marriage flight† cast off there wings and instinctively begin to look for a spot to start a new ant colony.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After making a nest, the young queen ant seals off the entrance and begins to lay eggs. Some of the first batch are eaten by the queen for nourishment. When the surviving eggs hatch they become like larvae. After a few weeks each larva spins a cocoon around itself and pupates. In a few more weeks, adult workers emerge. It is their job to hunt for food and make the nest bigger.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More workers will develop and the colony gets very organized. The new workers will completely take over as caretakers of the eggs, larvae, and pupae. Now the queens only duty is to lay more and more eggs, thousands of them in her lifetime. Many wingless workers develop and help to enlarge the nest into an intricate network of tunnels and chambers that will eventually house thousands of ants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the colony becomes well established, the queen begins to lay some eggs that develop into queens and males. It takes a few years before a colony becomes large enough to send out winged males and young queens to start new colonies. The cycle will now begin all over again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ant nests come in all shapes and sizes. One tropical species built a nest that extended forty feet below the surface of the ground. Another species built a nets that covered an area the size of a tennis court. Ants know the best time to build a nest, that’s after it rains. The damp soil is easier to work with. Their are many chambers in an ants nest. Some rooms are used to store the food. Some are used for storage of ant eggs.

Birmingham Campaign Essay

Campaign – Essay notes Cause †¢Underlying cause of history of slavery, emancipation, segregation/ Jim Crow laws. †¢Long term cause of growing Black Civil Rights movement building momentum and raising awareness of issue. Previous Black Civil rights campaigns that inspired and sparked e. g. Events such as Montgomery Bus Boycott which gave MLKing his first big leadership role. Also Freedom Riders, Brown VS board of Ed. †¢Birmingham was one of the worst segregated big cities in the USA †¢History of harsh and violent segregation and mistreatment of black citizens, KKK support and membership, epicentre of racism in the South †¢Government officials pro-segregation †¢SCLC- King’s group †¢NAACP was banned †¢Eg. Bull Connor and †¦.. †¢The failure of Albany- lack of publicity. †¢Event †¢Police violence †¢Dog attacks †¢High pressure hoses †¢Arrests. †¢By-standers violence †¢Children’s Crusade (primary and secondary) †¢Martin Luther King being arrested †¢Letter from Birmingham Jail †¢Ã¢â‚¬Å"Project C† = direct action and provocation †¢Non-violent provocations osit ins at White Churches, marches, boycotts, lunch counters etc. †¢Use of children to fuel protest Consequence †¢Publicity †¢National/International sympathy †¢White backlash – oSixteenth St Baptist Church bombing killing 4 girls oHotel bombed where Martin Luther King Jr and SCLC had stayed oMartin Luther King Jr’s brother Alfred’s house bombed †¢Riots †¢March on Washington †¢Civil Rights Act of 1964 †¢Governor Wallace sent State Troops to stop desegregation of schools and in response Present Kennedy sent Federal Troops. †¢Martin Luther King’s reputation (â€Å"I have a dream† speech). Nobel Peace prize 1964. †¢Positives: oâ€Å"Jim Crow† laws taken down desegregating public facilities eg Lunch counters, drinking fountains etc oAllowed Black employment oMore rights for Black citizens

Current government priorities Essay

How far does the budget reflect current government priorities? â€Å"Government’s view of the economy could be summed up in a few short phrases: If it moves, tax it. If it keeps moving, regulate it. And if it stops moving, subsidise it† – Ronald Reagan In my coursework I shall be discovering what the annual government budget is, what it is spent on and why, correlating this with current priorities. I shall be investigating to what extent does the governments’ expenditure reflect on these current government priorities i.e. the amount spent on defence, the education sector and social protection. I shall be mostly using secondary research, through using websites and maybe books. I will compare spending from previous budgets to the current one and find out where changes, if any, have been made. Through figuring out where the money is spent, I can discover what the main priorities are but not neglecting the fact that some sectors are larger and undoubtedly require money being spent, e.g. Healthcare and public order & safety. Government expenditure is vital for the efficient running of the economy. The need for much of the government expenditure arises from the facts that some goods will not be provided at all by a free market economy (public goods) and that others will be under-provided (merit goods). It is spending on these goods that accounts for a large proportion of government spending (health, education, police and defence, among others). Some government expenditure is aimed at providing a safety net for the less well off in society and ensuring that they are able to survive in the event that they lose their jobs or have insufficient income. The department that deals with the allocation of most of this money is the Department of Social Security. Other government expenditure is aimed at various areas that may be considered important in a developed economy – providing a transport infrastructure, supporting the work of local government and servicing any debts that may have been accumulated in th e past. Fiscal policy refers to government policy that attempts to influence the direction of the economy through changes in government spending or taxes. Fiscal policy can be contrasted with the other main type of economic policy, ‘monetary policy’ which attempts to stabilize the economy by controlling interest rates and the supply of money. The government in power needs to ensure that the budget expenditure is divided correctly and proportionately to the areas that require it most. This depends on the government priorities. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government spending and taxation. Changes in the level and composition of taxation and government spending can impact on the following variables in the economy: On aggregate demand and the level of economic activity; the pattern of resource allocation and the distribution of income. Fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure and taxation to manage the economy. The main changes in fiscal policy happen once a year in the Budget. It is in the Budget that the Chancellor sets the levels of taxation and government expenditure for the next fiscal year. The fiscal year runs from 6th April one year until 5th April the following year. This is why the budget is usually in March. The changes in it come generally into effect in the following month. Fiscal policy is based on the theories of British economist John Maynard Keynes. Also known as Keynesian economics, this theory basically states that governments can influence macroeconomic productivity levels by increasing or decreasing tax levels and public spending. This influence, in turn, curbs inflation (generally considered to be healthy when at a level between 2-3%), increases employment and maintains a healthy value of money. Unfortunately, the effects of any fiscal policy are not the same on everyone. Depending on the political orientations and goals of the policymakers, a tax cut could affect only the middle class, which is typically the largest economic group. In times of economic decline and rising taxation, it is this same group that may have to pay more taxes than the wealthier upper class. Similarly, when a government decides to adjust it’s spending; its policy may affect only a specific group of people. A decision to build a new bridge, for example, will give work and more income to hundreds of construction workers. A decision to spend money on building a new space shuttle, on the other hand, benefits only a small, specialized pool of experts, which would not do much to increase aggregate employment levels. Graph to show inflation rates in the UK compared with the United States and Canada. Monetary Policy involves changes in the base rate of interest to influence the rate of growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price inflation. Monetarist economists believe that monetary policy is a more powerful weapon than fiscal policy in controlling inflation. Monetary policy also involves changes in the value of the exchange rate since fluctuations in the currency also impact on macroeconomic activity (incomes, output and prices). Basically, it is the process by which the government/ bank controls the supply of money, or trading in foreign exchange markets. Monetary policy is generally referred to as either being an expansionary policy, or a contractionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy has the goal of raising interest rates to combat inflation or calming an overheated economy. The government receives its’ money from many different areas, the graph on the next page shows exactly where from and how much: As from the chart we can see that the largest proportion of governments’ income is due to income tax that at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½157bn it is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½63bn more than the 2nd largest. Tax comes in many forms, as shown by the chart and when totaled up it is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½587bn, this breaks down to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9,650 for every man, woman and child in the UK per year. What is the money used for and spent on? Well the money that the government has gathered from its’ many different forms of tax is spent entirely on the public. The pie chart below clearly represents what these different sectors are and how much money is actually spent on them. As we can see social protection is predominantly the largest sector that government spending is allocated with a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½57bn lead on the second largest, health, at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½104bn. From this chart it can be easy to assume that the areas with the largest spending would be those that are the largest priorities. That can be accepted to a certain extent to where you look deeper within that and take into account that some sectors are larger than others and therefore require more money to keep them running, i.e. social protection. Now I shall look at the different sectors and analyze each one, looking at the government’s main aims and objectives and comparing whether the money they are spending on each one is reflecting that; for example if in public order and safety the government wanted to initiate huge crackdown on underage drinkers and vandalism then surely the money spent in that area would be increased dramatically. I shall compare what was spent on those sectors in the year 2006 and compare that with the budget released in 2007. Taking into account inflation, which from 2006 to 2007 was 3% I can work out whether spending, has increased by a lot, remained the same or dropped. To begin with I shall look at the area of social protection, which is the largest of all spending. Social protection consists of policies and programs designed to reduce poverty and vulnerability by promoting efficient labor markets, diminishing people’s exposure to risks, enhancing their capacity to protect themselves against hazards and interruption or loss of income. In 2006 the government spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½151bn on social protection whereas in 2007 they spent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½161bn, which even after taking into account inflation this is still a dramatic increase. This could by due to the fact that unemployment has risen from 2006 – 2007 and with employment and training being an area of social protection, more money is being spent to try and bring the figures down again. The next sector that I shall look at is the environment. Protecting the environment is a major concern for today’s government; well it has been for many years but even more so now. As Britain’s industry continues to expand and destroy most of our beloved countryside and pollute our skies, pressure groups and environmentalists increase the strain on the government to protect and instigate new legislation to help reduce the effects of the unstoppable industry. In attempts to keep these groups happy the government invests more money every year to meet their demands. Examples of these include the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½800m environmental transformation fund and funding for cleaner ways to produce energy such as wind farms and nuclear power. There has been an increase of expenditure for housing and environment from 2006 – 2007 of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn, which concludes the fact that it is an ever-increasing issue. This research indicates that current government spending in the environment does directly reflect the fact that is a main priority. In the past 3 years it has shown that the government has increased it’s spending by around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn per annum on the environment. If compared with other sections of spending, the environment ranks lower in comparison with others, such as social protection. This could signify that the environment is not classed as such a high priority; although relating to my earlier point of stating that the some areas are larger and therefore require more money suggests that it is not less of a priority. However, it could also be due to the fact that the government believes that protection of the population and the healthcare too are more of a priority than preserving the environment. So it can be looked at in both ways. I myself believe that the government thinks the environment is less of a priority and therefore less money should be invested there. Healthcare in Britain is different to that in most other countries in the way that we have adopted a system called the National Health Service. The NHS is paid for through our taxes and so therefore offers healthcare for everyone in the UK and securing the provision of comprehensive, high quality care for all those who need it, regardless of their ability to pay or where they live or their age. The aims set out by the Department of Health are to: * Supporting activity at national level to protect, promote and improve the nation’s health; * Securing responsive social care and child protection for those who lack the support they need. The key objectives for pursuing these aims are to: * To reduce the incidence of avoidable illness, disease and injury in the population. * To treat people with illness, disease or injury quickly, effectively and on the basis of need alone. * To enable people, who are unable to perform essential activities of daily living, including those with chronic illness, disability or terminal illness, to live as full and normal lives as possible. * To maximise the social development of children within stable family settings. These aims and objectives are generic to most years of the NHS but as research and new technologies develop the spending must increase to match demands of the population. In 2002 the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced that by 2008 there would be the largest ever increase in health spending at à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40bn. This is a huge enlargement of the budget spending and obviously shows that health is a main priority if the government is willing to increase it’s spending by this much. It has been released that every year there shall be an increase of around 4% on health spending. Although the government is injecting a large section of the budget into health care it is not dramatically increasing it every year and sacrificing other sector’s money to pour more into healthcare. The government is slowly increasing the amount spent in health and all the time, every year introducing new legislations and targets to make the NHS a more efficient and improved service for everyone within the UK. â€Å"We are determined to maintain our disciplined approach, determined not to make the old British mistakes of paying ourselves too much today at the cost of higher interest rates and fewer jobs tomorrow† – Gordon Brown This quote suggests that by not putting too much money into a single sector it reduces the chances of having an economic backlash in the future. I agree with this and believe that by making smaller steps and gradually increasing expenditure it improves the economy at a much greater scale in the long run and prevents unwanted repercussions that may damage the economy. By pushing more money into the sectors it could cause the desired effect to become counter-productive and hinder more than help. Some people believe that the budget is only increasing in the health sector by such amounts because the ongoing criticisms have driven the government to improve it’s image and please the people to keep the current party in power. Fostering high standards of education is the Government’s greatest responsibility. In England this responsibility lies with the Departments for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). About 93 per cent of children are educated in state-run primary and secondary schools; the remainder go to independent schools that rely on privately-paid tuition fees. Through these central government organisations, the provision of education in the UK includes monitoring and improving standards in schools, colleges and universities; ensuring that everyone – no matter what disability or special need they may have – is included and has access to high quality education; promoting work experience for young people and vocational training for employees; and encouraging lifelong learning. Through the British Council, the Government actively promotes education in the UK to countries all over the world. Other major organisations help to guide and make welcome some 275,000 overseas students who currently enjoy the advantages of living and studying in the UK. Before June 2007 schools were the responsibility of the former Department for Education and Skills. Education is gradually becoming increasingly more important within the UK as greater than ever numbers of young graduates roam the job market relegating others without degrees into a league of themselves. To employers education is the main thing they look at on CVs, dismissing experience and background for the simple number on the piece of paper. So education is a main priority for the government to try and make Britain’s children as well qualified as they can be, pushing the economy further up the ladder and improving things for all. So education for the government has became a huge priority and this can be shown by the recent announcement to raise the school minimum leaving age to 18; offering college courses and apprenticeships and also A-Levels to every child. Implementing this new legislation would obviously require a huge increase in the budget allocated for education, which would either mean another increased tax, which has happened for the past 11 years while Gordon Brown had been Chancellor, or sacrificing other areas of spending to improve education. Making these decisions requires undoubtedly many months of thinking and consultation before arriving at a suitable judgment. In the 2007 budget report, the government announced that investment in education and skills would rise to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½90bn by 2010/2011. In a clearer spectrum, there is a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn increase from 2006 to 2007 then a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5bn increase from 2007 to 2008 and therefore proves that the government is gradually increasing the percentage increase spent on education annually. In evaluation it can be said that although there isn’t a dramatic increase in the spending on the education sector, there are other factors that affect the efficiency of it too. For example money may not be being spent efficiently in the employment and the social protection areas, which are having a direct effect on the education, this can easily be mistaken as problems within the education spending rather than stepping back and realising that it could be issues somewhere else. Increasing the funding in education and training programs could significantly reduce unemployment levels (a major concern for the government) and increase the productivity per worker. In the UK the productivity per worker is substantially lower than other countries such as the US and Germany by as far as 30% in 2002. I believe that education is a major priority for the current government as competition from other countries towers above Britain and with the productivity per worker as low as it is, surely suggests that something within the education sector must be improved to raise our working standards. As the investment in education carries on rising at such rates it must be taken for granted it is becoming an even greater priority, especially with other countries almost mocking us with their efficiency. In 2007 we missed 24 of our 57 targets set by the government in education which raised awareness of the problem widely and brought it to the forefront of priorities. I believe in Britain we need better qualifications to lower unemployment and bring our workforce into the productivity ranges we need to compete with other countries or otherwise our place in the world’s economy will gradually being to fall. In comparison with previous years spending the 2007 budget does not seem to have any major, out of place differences with previous years and generally it appears every sector has just risen with the same annual percentage. However it is within these sectors where the money expenditure has changed. Implementing new legislations and programs, eliminating ineffective ideas and changing the dynamics of how each area is run is where the change in money being spent has taken place. This is a pie chart to represent the budget was spent in 2006: In 2007: In conclusion the amount spent on each sector does reflect the amount to which it is a priority but many other factors must be taken into account when judging that. Some areas such as social protection are such a far larger sector than that of industry, agriculture, employment and training and therefore will ultimately require more money to keep it running smoothly and keep the economic balance. Other areas may be of greater importance and priority such as education, but by spending ridiculous amounts of money on it will be counter-productive and cause many long term problems so despite the fact it is more of a priority, by spending less money on it does not reflect that. By reviewing past years budgets and comparing them with more recent ones it is possible to find where greater amounts of spending has occurred and what sectors are gradually having a greater percentage increase in their spending annually. Another reason why spending doesn’t reflect current government priorities is because although spending may not increase that much, time and effort to reorganise and implement new legislation to improve an area could equally suggest that it is a priority but money would not solve it, just improving the efficiency would. Sometimes spending money on one area will directly affect another positively anyway such as improving education will also improve employment and training. As a general rule the government’s role is to keep inflation low, keep unemployment low, balance in international trade and maintain a flourishing and prospering economy. The government has been investing large amounts of money into training schemes and other projects that have ultimately led to the unemployment rate falling to 5.2% in February 2008. The claimant count was 793,500 in February 2008, down 2,800 over the previous month and down 126,500 over the year. This is the lowest figure since June 1975. The claimant count has now fallen for 17 consecutive months. This shows that the investments into training and education has led to the fall in unemployment which proves my theory that spending in other sectors subsequently helps others. One could just quite plainly say that the government spending does not reflect current government priorities or otherwise if it did then there would be a perfect economy because the money spent would be used to it’s full potential in exactly the right places, doing exactly the right thing; lowering unemployment, improving healthcare, lowering inflation etc. I believe that the difference in the previous budget and the current one describes the extent to which the budget reflects current government priorities better than the looking at the budget itself as the current priorities will determine how much spending will increase in each sector and those with the larger increases (after taking into account inflation) show that they are more of a priority than those with little or no increase. Generally, the government invests the money into areas which is sees to be crucial for the future, so dependent on the priorities, the budget is spent taking into account these and areas of needed development; so if it isn’t spent directly reflecting government priorities, it has taken these into account and spent it most wisely considering areas that need improvement but are not always priorities. Bibliography http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/fiscalpolicy/public_spending.htm http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/policy/tools/government/ http://tutor2u.net/economics/content/topics/fiscalpolicy/public_spending.htm http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/economy/policy/tools/government/gexpex.htm http://budget2007.treasury.gov.uk/page_09.htm http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/budget/budget_07/bud_bud07_index.cfm http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/spending_review/spend_index.cfm http://budget2006.treasury.gov.uk/page_09.html http://www.adb.org/SocialProtection/default.asp http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/Documents/UK_Economy/Fiscal_Policy/ukecon_fisc_policy99.cfm http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780198776222/carlin_chap05.pdf http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/index.htm http://www.ntd.co.uk/idsbookshop/details.asp?id=844 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ http://www.bized.co.uk/virtual/bank/business/external/policy/expl.htm http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page7489.asp

Get the Rules and Best Practices for Writing Paragraphs

Get the Rules and Best Practices for Writing Paragraphs The definition of a paragraph: Its a group of closely related sentences that develops a central idea, conventionally beginning on a new line, which is sometimes  indented. The paragraph has been variously defined as a subdivision in a longer written passage, a group of sentences (or sometimes just one sentence) about a specific topic, and a grammatical unit typically consisting of multiple sentences that together express a complete thought. In his 2006 book A Dash of Style, Noah Lukeman describes the paragraph break as one of the most crucial marks in the punctuation world. Etymology:  Paragraph is from the Greek word which means to write beside. Observations A new paragraph is a wonderful thing. It lets you quietly change the rhythm, and it can be like a flash of lightning that shows the same landscape from a different aspect. (Babel, Isaac interviewed by Konstantin Paustovsky in Isaac Babel Talks About Writing, The Nation, March 31, 1969.) 10 Effective Paragraph Criteria Lois Laase and Joan Clemmons offer the following list of 10 helpful suggestions for writing paragraphs. This is adapted from their book, Helping Students Write... The Best Research Reports Ever: Easy Mini-Lessons, Strategies, and Creative Formats to Make Research Manageable and Fun. Keep the paragraph on one topic.Include a topic sentence.Use supporting sentences that give ​details or facts about the topic.Include vivid words.Make sure it does not have run-on sentences.Include sentences that make sense and stick to the topic.Sentences should be in order and make sense.Write sentences that begin in different ways.Make sure the sentences flow.Be sure sentences are mechanically correct - spelling, punctuation, capitalization, indentation. Topic Sentences in Paragraphs Although the topic sentence is often the first sentence of the paragraph, it does not have to be. Furthermore, the topic sentence is sometimes restated or echoed at the end of the paragraph, although again it does not have to be. However, a well-phrased concluding sentence can emphasize the central idea of the paragraph as well as provide a nice balance and ending. A paragraph is not a constraining formula; in fact, it has variations. In some instances, for example, the topic sentence is not found in a single sentence. It may be the combination of two sentences, or it may be an easily understood but unwritten underlying idea that unifies the paragraph. Nevertheless, the paragraph in most college writing contains discussion supporting a stated topic sentence.... (Brandon, Lee. At a Glance: Paragraphs, 5th ed., Wadsworth, 2012.) Rules of Paragraphing As an advanced writer, you know that rules are made to be broken. But that is not to say that these rules are useless. Sometimes it is good to avoid a one-sentence paragraph - it can sound too brisk and implies a lack of penetration and analysis. Sometimes, or perhaps most of the time, it is good to have a topic sentence. But the awful fact is that when you look closely at a professional writers work, you will see that the topic sentence is often missing. In that case, we sometimes say it is implied, and perhaps that is true. But whether we want to call it implied or not, it is obvious that good writers can get along without topic sentences most of the time. Likewise, it is not a bad idea to develop only one idea in a paragraph, but frankly, the chance of developing several ideas often arises and sometimes doing so even characterizes the writing of professionals. (Jacobus, Lee A. Substance, Style, and Strategy, Oxford University Press, 1998.) Strunk and White on Paragraph Length In general, remember that paragraphing calls for a good eye as well as a logical mind. Enormous blocks of print look formidable to readers, who are often reluctant to tackle them. Therefore, breaking long paragraphs in two, even if it is not necessary to do so for sense, meaning, or logical development, is often a visual help. But remember, too, that firing off many short paragraphs in quick succession can be distracting. Paragraph breaks used only for show read like the writing of commerce or of display advertising. Moderation and a sense of order should be the main considerations in paragraphing. (Strunk, Jr., William and E.B. White, The Elements of Style, 3rd ed., Allyn Bacon, 1995.) Uses of One-Sentence Paragraphs Three situations in essay writing can occasion a one-sentence paragraph: (a) when you want to emphasize a crucial point that might otherwise be buried; (b) when you want to dramatize a transition from one stage in your argument to the next; and (c) when instinct tells you that your reader is tiring and would appreciate a mental rest. The one-sentence paragraph is a great device. You can italicize with it, vary your pace with it, lighten your voice with it, signpost your argument with it. But it’s potentially dangerous. Don’t overdo your dramatics. And be sure your sentence is strong enough to withstand the extra attention it’s bound to receive when set off by itself. Houseplants wilt in direct sun. Many sentences do as well. (Trimble, John R. Writing with Style: Conversations on the Art of Writing. Prentice Hall, 2000.) Paragraph Length in Business and Technical Writing A paragraph should be just long enough to deal adequately with the subject of its topic sentence. A new paragraph should begin whenever the subject changes significantly. A series of short, undeveloped paragraphs can indicate poor organization and sacrifice unity by breaking an idea into several pieces. A series of long paragraphs, however, can fail to provide the reader with manageable subdivisions of thought. Paragraph length should aid the readers understanding of idea. (Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, The Business Writers Handbook, 10th ed., Bedford/St. Martins, 2012.) The Paragraph as a Device of Punctuation The paragraph is a device of punctuation. The indentation by which it is marked implies no more than an additional breathing space. Like the other marks of punctuation...it may be determined by logical, physical, or rhythmical needs. Logically it may be said to denote the full development of a single idea, and this indeed is the common definition of the paragraph. It is, however, in no way an adequate or helpful definition. (Read, Herbert. English Prose Style, Beacon, 1955.) Scott and Dennys Definition of a Paragraph A paragraph is a unit of discourse developing a single idea. It consists of a group or series of sentences closely related to one another and to the thought expressed by the whole group or series. Devoted, like the sentence, to the development of one topic, a good paragraph is also, like a good essay, a complete treatment in itself. (Scott, Fred Newton, and Joseph Villiers Denny, Paragraph-Writing: A Rhetoric for Colleges, rev. ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1909.) Development of the Paragraph in English The paragraph as we know it comes into something like settled shape in Sir William Temple (1628-1699). It was the product of perhaps five chief influences. First, the tradition, derived from the authors and scribes of the Middle Ages, that the paragraph-mark distinguishes a stadium of thought. Second, the Latin influence, which was rather towards disregarding the paragraph as the sign of anything but emphasis - the emphasis-tradition being also of medieval origin; the typical writers of the Latin influence are Hooker and Milton. Third, the natural genius of the Anglo-Saxon structure, favorable to the paragraph. Fourth, the beginnings of popular writing - of what may be called the oral style, or consideration for a relatively uncultivated audience. Fifth, the study of French prose, in this respect a late influence, allied in its results with the third and fourth influences. (Lewis, Herbert Edwin. The History of the English Paragraph, 1894.) 19c writers reduced the lengths of their paragraphs, a process that has continued in the 20c, particularly in journalism, advertisements, and publicity materials. (McArthur, Tom. Paragraph. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press,  1992.)

Point of View Essay Example

Point of View Essay Example Point of View Essay Point of View Essay The talker of the narrative. who speaks as a first-person storyteller. is non named. We may reason that he has had a good trade of experience with little boats. and with the linguistic communication of crewmans. His concentration displacements in the class of the narrative. At first. he seems to be cognizant of all four work forces on the boat. jointly. and he makes observations that permit us to understand the thoughts and responses of the work forces. who are linked in a practical brotherhood because of their holding been stranded on a bantam boat amid the high moving ridges that are endangering their being ( paragraph 9 ) . At approximately paragraph 49. nevertheless. the talker shifts his concentration chiefly to the letter writer. while he describes the other work forces more dramatically. Might we assume that at this point. Crane is unifying the talker of the narrative with his ain voice. every bit about as we can find it? Throughout. the talker introduces some of his ain thoughts. and besides. at times. speaks ironically. This accounts for some of the more humourous looks in the narrative. Therefore. the talker remarks wryly that the work forces. while hotfooting from the droping ship to salvage themselves. had forgotten to eat heartily and therefore were now being weakened with hungriness ( paragraph 49 ) . The talker is in control of the tone of his descriptions. as when he points out that the human back. to a oarsman. is capable to countless and painful cricks and knots ( paragraph 82 ) . The talker is besides observant and philosophical. as when he remarks that the four work forces at sea need to turn their caputs to contemplate the lonely and apathetic shore ( paragraph 206 ) . The story’s concluding sentence. about the fact that the three lasting work forces can be interpreters. is implicative of a good trade of idea and observation that could take beyond the content of the narrative. Though the point of position is third-person limited-omniscient. Crane’s meeting of his ideas with the narrator’s would non be as effectual. non as dramatic. or nonsubjective. for it is this third-person distance that Crane feels would be most suited for his thought that work forces are undistinguished compared to the forces of nature. or nature itself. The point is driven place well with his peculiar point of position: another or different point of position would overcast his message and befog his cardinal subject: a different point of position would be excessively emotional. excessively fraught with survivability. The white Hero is told from a third-person all-knowing point-of-view. one that is cognizant of both Sylvia’s hopes and aspirations. and the adversities that she will meet as she strives to accomplish them. The stability of the tree is noted from the really get downing with Sylvia’s acknowledgment that [ in the ] dark boughs [ of the tree ] †¦ he wind ever. stirred. no affair how hot and still the air might be below†¦ It is from this hush that Sylvia begins her journey with prickling eager blood and apprehensiveness of the point at which she must do the unsafe base on balls from one tree to the other. [ when ] the great endeavor would truly get down. This image of doing the passage from a smalle r tree to a larger more unsafe one is a symbol of Sylvia go forthing the kingdom of her early childhood to get down confronting the challenges of going an grownup. At first. Sylvia felt her manner anxiously. but as she crosses trees and feels the support of the old pine. she becomes his new dependant. The pine is likened to a great chief mast to sailing Earth. a simile which is followed by the author’s personification of the manner in which it h [ olds ] away the winds to protect the solitary gray-eyed child merely as a male parent would make. The narrative gait of the transition varies from being restrained and held back as Sylvia prepares for her escapade. to increasing in velocity somewhat once she changes trees. to eventually making a flood tide once she reaches the top. It is this fast patterned advance from her mounting and feelings of support from the tree to this climactic waking up that aids in pass oning the true extent of Sylvia’s growing. The spark of human spirit that the tree’s ponderous frame helps to raise to the top rapidly easy becomes a pale star. trembling and tired. but entirely exultant. Bierce Tells An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge in three parts. Part I is in nonsubjective third-person point of position except for the last three paragraphs. In nonsubjective third-person narrative. the narrator observes events but can non come in the head of any character and unwrap his or her ideas. In the last three paragraphs of the Part I. the narrative displacements to omniscient ( all-knowing ) third-person point of position in relation to Peyton Farquhar. This displacement enables Bierce to take the reader inside Farquhar’s head to show how emotional turbulence alters non merely the manner the head interprets world but besides the manner it perceives the transition of clip. First. Farquhar mistakes the ticking of his ticker for the tolling of a bell or the ring of an anvil struck by a cock. Then. after Farquhar beads from the span at the minute of executing. he perceives a individual second as permanent hours.

Stylish Dorm Room Decorations to Make It Feel Like Home

Stylish Dorm Room Decorations to Make It Feel Like Home A dorm room is a place that you spend much time in and which might tell a lot about your personality. Making this room feel like home is hard especially if you have a limited budget. But we have a few ideas for you on how you can make your room stylish and cozy. Moreover, some of these ideas are DIY, so you can create a magical interior without spending too much money on it. Style Unoccupied dorm rooms look the same with their ordinary sets of furniture and plain walls. But once a student moves in, the room can be given an ultimate makeover to fit the individuality of its inhabitant. There are a lot of interior design styles that can be applied to the dorm room. The most popular of the dorm room themes are: Scandinavian Boho Minimalism Shabby chic If you like the way certain interior looks, pay attention to the colors, forms, and objects associated with a certain style in order to be able to replicate it in the design of your dorm room. Save the pictures of the design that you like to get inspiration for your room makeover project. Lets take a look at some ideas of different interior design styles compilation made by Canvaspop: This infographic shows that plants, lamps and other small details play a significant role as they help to support the general style of the room and create the right mood. Textile The textile can totally transform a boring and plain room. It can be changed whenever you crave changes in the interior of your dorm room, reused in DIY projects or taken from home to help you when you feel homesick. Bedding: Pillows and Coverlets What textile can you use to decorate your dorm room? Pick some decorative pillows and a fancy rug to make your room cozier. Or, you can make some yourself. For example, you can write inspirational quotes on pillow covers using special fabric paints. Alongside with multiple color choices, there are also metallic colors – golden, copper, and silver, which will add a little chic. Fabric paints are non-toxic and dont fade when washing. Various handmade pillows can become cute college dorm decorations for everyone. Source: OrganizeYourStuffNow Watch a video on how you can customize your boring pillowcases to decorate your dorm room without spending too much money. And if you are on a tight budget and want to save money every day, check out our tips on inexpensive meals for college students. Coverlets and blankets are also great for everyone who needs to make the bed neat or get warm during cold evenings. Choose vibrant and contrast shades to add a pop of color if your room is rather monochrome or use pastel shades to make your interior calm and relaxing. Sources: Dormify and Mill Valley Rugs If you need a rug to put next to your bed, you can make it using your old T-shirts. Cut your old clothes in stripes and braid these stripes together. Then you can sew all of the braids together or glue them to the base (for example, the old towel or a piece of cardboard) to get a colorful and cute rug as your dorm room decor. Sources: Createwhimsy and DesignGalleryQatar Watch a detailed tutorial: Wall Decor If you want to change the setting of your dorm room quickly and without much effort, the easiest thing that you can do is to decorate your walls with various pieces of art that you can buy in the store or craft yourself using the ordinary materials. Prints and Posters Prints and posters are one of the most popular ways for students to decorate their dorm rooms. Posters are inexpensive and dont require being nailed to the wall, so you dont need to worry about the dorm deposit (only in the case when you want  to throw an unforgettable party in your dorm room). Source: Twitter Posters with inspirational quotes and favorite bands, movie or book characters can be placed anywhere in the room and changed for another poster if needed. So, make sure to look for the pieces that will brighten up your room and your mood. Many girls wonder â€Å"How do guys decorate their dorms?† Well, with posters and any other pieces of art just like the girls do. Any of the ideas in this article can be used in any dorm room as we picked suitable dorm room ideas for guys too. Decorative Lights The first thing that comes to mind when speaking about coziness is warm lighting. Making your place special and cozy can be easy if you have a few string lights to put around your bed or above your desk. Source: VirtualBuilding Source: BuzzFeed Wall Art Various pieces of art and dorm room wall decor can be found in stores, at garage sales, or you can craft them using the ordinary materials, for example, cardboard, threads, paper, corks, beads, etc. If you need some inspiration for your craft projects, look up some dorm room DIY decorating ideas on Pinterest or YouTube. For example, you can create a cork board to pin your schedule, pictures, etc. or a collage using pages from your favorite comic books. By the way, making such wall collages is a relaxing hobby. If you wonder what other interesting activities might become your hobbies, check out our list of weird students hobbies. Source: Pinterest And dont forget about your favorite photos of your friends and family. They can be placed on the wall as a collage or hung using clothespins and cord. Source: Pinterest If you dont have any experience in crafting, dont worry – you can always find a suitable piece in a store. Many students sell some of their belongings after graduation, so you can look for such announcements on bulletin boards or on social media. These were awesome dorm room ideas for every college student. We hope that they will help you decorate your dorm room and make it the way you want it to be. Be creative!

Akinari Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Akinari - Essay Example The danger arises because the limitations on conduct circumscribed by gender boundaries are breached by the overflow of passion. The story of â€Å"Bewitched† is the story of a white snake that appears in the forms of a beautiful woman and bewitches a young man. The beginning of the story itself subtly suggests the conflict that is set to play out through the course of the story. A young man, Toyo-O, sees a beautiful young woman at a temple during a sudden rain shower and lends her his umbrella. But a little later in the same episode, a mysterious serpent appears, subtly alluding a connection between the beautiful woman and the serpent. In Japan, snakes are regarded as animals of witchcraft and sorcery who are possessed by their owners, but who nevertheless search for victims to consume, hurt and possess, causing these victims a great deal of harm and pain (www.anime-myth.com). The presence of the snake - which is a symbol of pain for a victim - at the very beginning of the story, itself suggests that there is more to the beautiful woman than meets the eye. She is very beautiful, but the snake associat ion suggests that she may also be dangerous. Akinari’s story â€Å"Bewitched† is premised upon folklore about rejection transforming a lovesick woman into a malicious, deadly serpent. Akinari has used this as the basis to approach his story from a slightly different perspective: â€Å"If jealousy can transform a woman into a serpent, then love can turn a serpent into a woman.† (Akinari, 635). The beautiful woman is not in fact merely a woman, she is actually a serpent that has transformed itself into a woman in order to be near the man she loves. In essence, the story cautions a reader about the pitfalls and disaster that could befall a man who fails to show prudence and circumspection in his daily conduct and adopts a non-traditional gender

China and tibet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

China and tibet - Essay Example Tibetans say that China has snatched their independence making their culture, language and religion sink. Moreover, they say that Chinese troops have killed thousands of Tibetans since 1950. â€Å"The groups also claim Tibetans have gradually become the minority population in their own homeland† (Armstrong). Tensions went high in 2008 when a protest led by Tibetans in Lhasa turned into violent riots. Tibetan mobs started burning shops, buses and assets of ethnic Chinese. The government of China ordered its security forces to handle the situation. A clash occurred between Tibetans and the security forces, which resulted in a number of deaths. Tibetan exiles claimed that Chinese forces killed nearly 200 Tibetans, whereas the government denied this by saying that only 22 people were killed in the incident and most of them were Chinese civilians. Since then, the tensions have been high in China. The present situation is that Tibetans have contacted the international community to put pressure on the government of China. However, the government of China does not seem to listen to the concerns of Tibetans at all. Armstrong, Paul. â€Å"Whats behind Chinas Tibetan unrest?.† CNN.com, 31 Jan. 2012 Web. 02 Apr. 2012.

China and tibet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

China and tibet - Essay Example Tibetans say that China has snatched their independence making their culture, language and religion sink. Moreover, they say that Chinese troops have killed thousands of Tibetans since 1950. â€Å"The groups also claim Tibetans have gradually become the minority population in their own homeland† (Armstrong). Tensions went high in 2008 when a protest led by Tibetans in Lhasa turned into violent riots. Tibetan mobs started burning shops, buses and assets of ethnic Chinese. The government of China ordered its security forces to handle the situation. A clash occurred between Tibetans and the security forces, which resulted in a number of deaths. Tibetan exiles claimed that Chinese forces killed nearly 200 Tibetans, whereas the government denied this by saying that only 22 people were killed in the incident and most of them were Chinese civilians. Since then, the tensions have been high in China. The present situation is that Tibetans have contacted the international community to put pressure on the government of China. However, the government of China does not seem to listen to the concerns of Tibetans at all. Armstrong, Paul. â€Å"Whats behind Chinas Tibetan unrest?.† CNN.com, 31 Jan. 2012 Web. 02 Apr. 2012.

China and tibet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

China and tibet - Essay Example Tibetans say that China has snatched their independence making their culture, language and religion sink. Moreover, they say that Chinese troops have killed thousands of Tibetans since 1950. â€Å"The groups also claim Tibetans have gradually become the minority population in their own homeland† (Armstrong). Tensions went high in 2008 when a protest led by Tibetans in Lhasa turned into violent riots. Tibetan mobs started burning shops, buses and assets of ethnic Chinese. The government of China ordered its security forces to handle the situation. A clash occurred between Tibetans and the security forces, which resulted in a number of deaths. Tibetan exiles claimed that Chinese forces killed nearly 200 Tibetans, whereas the government denied this by saying that only 22 people were killed in the incident and most of them were Chinese civilians. Since then, the tensions have been high in China. The present situation is that Tibetans have contacted the international community to put pressure on the government of China. However, the government of China does not seem to listen to the concerns of Tibetans at all. Armstrong, Paul. â€Å"Whats behind Chinas Tibetan unrest?.† CNN.com, 31 Jan. 2012 Web. 02 Apr. 2012.

China and tibet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

China and tibet - Essay Example Tibetans say that China has snatched their independence making their culture, language and religion sink. Moreover, they say that Chinese troops have killed thousands of Tibetans since 1950. â€Å"The groups also claim Tibetans have gradually become the minority population in their own homeland† (Armstrong). Tensions went high in 2008 when a protest led by Tibetans in Lhasa turned into violent riots. Tibetan mobs started burning shops, buses and assets of ethnic Chinese. The government of China ordered its security forces to handle the situation. A clash occurred between Tibetans and the security forces, which resulted in a number of deaths. Tibetan exiles claimed that Chinese forces killed nearly 200 Tibetans, whereas the government denied this by saying that only 22 people were killed in the incident and most of them were Chinese civilians. Since then, the tensions have been high in China. The present situation is that Tibetans have contacted the international community to put pressure on the government of China. However, the government of China does not seem to listen to the concerns of Tibetans at all. Armstrong, Paul. â€Å"Whats behind Chinas Tibetan unrest?.† CNN.com, 31 Jan. 2012 Web. 02 Apr. 2012.

Media Portrayal of Women Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Portrayal of Women - Research Paper Example Subsequently, the longer the exposure and the more they internalize the model figure, the greater is the detrimental effect. According to the study, "The psychological processes through which the mass media act as a strong sociocultural influence on women's body dissatisfaction, and subsequent body-shaping behaviors, were only poorly understood previously" (66). Another study by Marika Tiggemann, Janet Polivy and Duane Hargreaves entitled, "The processing of thin ideals in fashion magazines: A source of social comparison or fantasy," also shows the effect of the thin models on the psychological make-up of women. The results of the study "indicate that women do engage in a moderate amount of both comparison on the basis of appearance and fantasy processing (imagining being the woman)" (88). Women consciously and subconsciously compare themselves with the model (positively or negatively) which will then result to fantasy and, worse, to obsession. The common speculation for the reasons why women, both young and mature, "buy and read magazines" are "for inspiration, self-improvement and pleasurable fantasy," but "this does make them feel positive in general" (89). In this case, the more a woman is exposed to these good-looking models the more she fantasizes and aspires to be like them. The foregoing studies bring us to the common sickness associated with negative body-image. The article "Dissatisfaction with Our Bodies and Eating Disorders" that appears at The Feminist eZine - Health enumerates the detrimental health effects of women who are dissatisfied with their own bodies. According to this article approximately 80% of women are dissatisfied with their bodies. Many resort to dieting in order to attain their desired size. Moreover, the source of their dissatisfaction is media portrayal of women. What media show are the "excessively thin, beautiful, young and flawless models" and that "women are repeatedly being exposed to these types of images both in printed ads, television, and movies." Consequently, dieting leads to eating disorders. Statistics show that the three most common eating disorders are: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating. Women suffering from anorexia nervosa have an irrational fear of becoming obese, a preoccupation or with their weight and food, a distorted body-image, persistently starve themselves and deny their appetites (Dictionary.com, 2004). Bulimia, on the other hand, is "categorized by a binging and purging cycle. According to Wardlaw (2003) as cited in this article, "women affected by this eating disorder eat large amounts of food in one sitting (binge eating) which is followed by a purging from the body through vomiting, misusing laxatives, diuretics, or enemas. In addition, bulimics often use alternate methods such as intense exercise or fasting to balance the effects of excess calories." Still another disorder is

Comparing different theoretical approaches for two disabilities Research Paper

Comparing different theoretical approaches for two disabilities - Research Paper Example Definition Dyspraxia or developmental dyspraxia is 'an impairment or immaturity of the organisation of movement' (Dyspraxia Foundation, 2009). It is also known as 'developmental coordination disorder' and 'clumsy child syndrome'. According to the American Psychiatric Association (2001), developmental dyspraxia is "marked impairment of motor coordination which significantly interferes with academic achievement or activities of daily living and is not due to a general medical condition." Dyslexia, also known as developmental reading disorder is the most common childhood learning disability which primarily manifests in school going children. There is no single definition that exists for dyslexia. However, those who know about the condition and have worked with dyslexic children are in a position to easily identify the condition. According to the NINDS (2009), dyslexia is defined as "a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read." The Worl d Federation of Neurology (cited in British Dyslexics, 2009) defines this condition as "a disorder manifested by difficulties in learning to read, despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence and socio-cultural opportunity." The British Dyslexics (2009) puts the definition as "Intelligent, bright or even gifted individuals, that for no obvious reason, struggle to learn through the medium of written or spoken language." Other commonly used definitions include "learning difficulty characterized by problems with written or spoken language such as reading, writing, spelling, speaking, or listening" and "congenital disturbance of brain function causing a variety of learning difficulties, especially relating to reading, writing and spelling" (British Dyslexics, 2009). Magnitude of problem Developmental dyspraxia is mostly diagnosed in childhood. It occurs in 2 to 5% of children between the ages 5 to 11. It affects boys more than girls (Dorset Country Council, 1998). Infact, boy s account for 70% of dyspraxic cases. The most important symptoms of dyspraxia are poor motor coordination, clumsiness, lack of movement fluency and the difficulty in application of motor skills mastered in one setting to another setting. Dyslexia affects about 80% of all individuals diagnosed to be having learning disabilities (Shaywitz et al, 2007). When only dyslexia is present, the condition is characterized by an unexpected difficulty in reading in otherwise intelligent children who are motivated and have ample learning opportunities considered necessary for accurate and fluent reading (Fisher et al, 2001). The incidence of dyslexia has been estimated to be about 8 to 15% (Earl, 2006). Although epidemiological studies show equal incidence of this condition in both girls and boys, boys are 3-4 times more likely to be referred for reading problems (Tynan, 2006). All dyslexic children share some common aspects enabling them to be easily diagnosed. The increased awareness of dyslex ia has led to many parent and teacher teaching programs, mostly based on multi-sensory learning. Mechanism of disability The exact cause of developmental dyspraxia is unknown. Neurological immaturity is the most probable cause of this condition. Failure of the neurones of the right hemisphere of the brain to form precise pathways during the development of brain leads to lack of accuracy in the instruction of the brain for performing movements (Bowens and Smith, 1999).

Delovepment of A Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Delovepment of A Marketing Plan - Essay Example Product, Place, Promotion, Price. Marketing planning is a logical sequence and series of activities leading to the setting of strategic planning objectives for an enterprise, and the formulation of strategic plans for achieving them. In essence, it is a process for determining what a business should become and how it can optimally achieve that goal. The Marketing Process Company assists clients in development of marketing plans, building on the market insights gained from market mapping and market segmentation. Following strategic marketing planning process using software(s), the users find that they are able to manage marketing more effectively and so identify profitable growth areas. People are able to make better investment decisions, be they about money, people or resources. Increased profitability from focusing on the most favorable opportunities and reduced costs from withdrawal from ill-chosen business soon repay the investment in a strategic marketing planning system and processes. A marketing plan is a written document that details the necessary actions to achieve one or more marketing objectives. It can be for a product or service, a brand, or a product line. It can cover one year (referred to as an annual marketing plan), or cover up to 5 years. Tourism has started to receive increased attention as an important sector in XYZ's economy, and has provided a much-needed boost to XYZ's economy. Travelers generated $1.94 billion in revenue for XYZ in 1987. There were 45,700 jobs generated through tourism within the state and the state collected $93.3 million in tax revenues from tourism expenditures. Capitalizing on this expanding tourism interest in XYZ will require each community or region to have a detailed plan for the development, marketing and evaluation of its tourist market. This strategy will help develop marketing and evaluation plans of tourism by XYZ communities and regions. However, with minor modifications, the process can be used for any organization or business. A well-developed marketing plan is necessary to have an effective marketing program, regardless of the type or size of the business or organization. Market Research Survey To gather vital information about current market trends, customers, competitors, and potential areas of growth, enterprises around the world implement Market Research strategies throughout their operations. Market Research Surveys can fully integrate with the existing MR and other business systems, enabling other enterprises to create accurate surveys and maintain up-to-date market research data; turning responses into actionable results. Market Research Surveys can be deployed by e-mail or by pop-ups/banners. High scalability able to support hundreds, thousands, or millions of respondents. Integrated panel/respondent management system. On-demand and On-Premise offering available. Accurate Analysis Through integration, response data collected can automatically update existing CRM or other business systems, providing more in-depth results and analysis. Faster Turnaround Real-time capability

Group Development Application Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Group Development Application Paper - Assignment Example ompelled to develop and sustain as well as improve their management and decision making abilities to guide them and to guide those subordinate to them in order that a successful culture in established in the institution (Barron and Greenberg (1990, pg. 497) Moreover, decision making processes in such learning places often are designed through delegation to various groups of individuals and /or students known as ‘task groups’. Some may be external such as the ‘Board of Governors’ while some are internal such as ‘the student leadership committees’. Organizational leaders need to enact well structured establishments that are aggressive to ensure that their committees and task groups work together or independently as long as the efficiency and production of the intended results are well reflected as best results. This important step in emphasized by the problems and challenges existing in the use of group and committee models in decision-making processes. This need is significantly shown in Dean Tjosvold’s book; â€Å"Working Together to Get Things Done.† Tjosvold (1986) says; â€Å"Forming teams to make complex decisions does not automatically result in effective problem solving. Indeed, sometimes people working together reinforce their biases and The Decision Making and Planning Process 10 enhance their limitations. They may develop groupthink conformity that results in fiasco that severely damages the company. Alternatively, individuals use the group to push for their own self-interest at the expense of the com pany’s welfare (p.96). A study by Day et. al. finds that head teachers’ or any leaders’ values are key components in their success. â€Å"Successful heads improve pupil outcomes through who they are - their values, virtues, dispositions, attributes and competences – as well as what they do in terms of the strategies they select and the ways in which they adapt their leadership practices to their unique context.† In illustration, design in

Delovepment of A Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Delovepment of A Marketing Plan - Essay Example Product, Place, Promotion, Price. Marketing planning is a logical sequence and series of activities leading to the setting of strategic planning objectives for an enterprise, and the formulation of strategic plans for achieving them. In essence, it is a process for determining what a business should become and how it can optimally achieve that goal. The Marketing Process Company assists clients in development of marketing plans, building on the market insights gained from market mapping and market segmentation. Following strategic marketing planning process using software(s), the users find that they are able to manage marketing more effectively and so identify profitable growth areas. People are able to make better investment decisions, be they about money, people or resources. Increased profitability from focusing on the most favorable opportunities and reduced costs from withdrawal from ill-chosen business soon repay the investment in a strategic marketing planning system and processes. A marketing plan is a written document that details the necessary actions to achieve one or more marketing objectives. It can be for a product or service, a brand, or a product line. It can cover one year (referred to as an annual marketing plan), or cover up to 5 years. Tourism has started to receive increased attention as an important sector in XYZ's economy, and has provided a much-needed boost to XYZ's economy. Travelers generated $1.94 billion in revenue for XYZ in 1987. There were 45,700 jobs generated through tourism within the state and the state collected $93.3 million in tax revenues from tourism expenditures. Capitalizing on this expanding tourism interest in XYZ will require each community or region to have a detailed plan for the development, marketing and evaluation of its tourist market. This strategy will help develop marketing and evaluation plans of tourism by XYZ communities and regions. However, with minor modifications, the process can be used for any organization or business. A well-developed marketing plan is necessary to have an effective marketing program, regardless of the type or size of the business or organization. Market Research Survey To gather vital information about current market trends, customers, competitors, and potential areas of growth, enterprises around the world implement Market Research strategies throughout their operations. Market Research Surveys can fully integrate with the existing MR and other business systems, enabling other enterprises to create accurate surveys and maintain up-to-date market research data; turning responses into actionable results. Market Research Surveys can be deployed by e-mail or by pop-ups/banners. High scalability able to support hundreds, thousands, or millions of respondents. Integrated panel/respondent management system. On-demand and On-Premise offering available. Accurate Analysis Through integration, response data collected can automatically update existing CRM or other business systems, providing more in-depth results and analysis. Faster Turnaround Real-time capability

Layoff Protocol Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Layoff Protocol Assignment - Essay Example The layoff protocol is to be facilitated by the directors in close co-operation with the management team. It takes into account the current emotional and psychological distress being experienced in the organization and therefore requires that the implementation team adequately communicates the importance of this activity. The criteria of selection shall be pegged on four major benchmarks that will include the years of service, the nature of work, performance appraisal records among other factors like recommendation by head of departments according to fairness and the organizational policy. The management shall look into requests for volunteering workers who intend to leave for other reasons. Secondly, the committee shall proceed to look at the classification of employees on the stated factors as indicated above. The order of priority shall be given to technical employees, those who have served for longer years and are therefore not able to look for other places and highly performing employees as recognized by the human resource policy mechanisms. It is notable that the board arrived at this decision after considering other options and therefore it was the last option. The laid off workers shall also be given priority for redeployment should the current situation

Leadership styles and the behaviour styles

Leadership styles and the behaviour styles Leadership is the behavior of an individual when he/she is directing the activities of a group towards a common purpose.  [1]  A leader is seen as someone who sets the paths in an effort to influence people to adhere to those paths. Leadership is an action and not just a position. It can be shown via different people in various situations. A person is not born to be a leader but cultured through the upbringing and environment. A leaders personal characteristics are also vital for the developments and motivations of the organizations. True leaders such as the teachers who illustrated that leadership is an action (teaching and leading the students) and not a position. Touching the lives and affecting the outcome of many different expectations, a teacher is the epitome of a leader. A leader has his or her own style of motivating the people in the organizations. A leader must find the best skills in order to provide directions, motivations and purposes. Effective leaders are flexible. Organizational Leadership Model The effective leadership influence is not the same for everyone. It depends on their ranks in the organization and abilities which are required in leaders. The three basic leadership roles identified: initiation, speech, and management. 1. Initiation Initiation refers to planned decision making on policy formulation or structural change. These vital decisions are the determinants of the organizations culture and mission. 2. Speech Strategic decisions and methods designed for implementation within the establishment. It includes adjusting or adding on to the present structure towards new policy demands. 3. Management Management is putting into practice the policies and measures that are available to maintain the operations of the organization efficiently. These three kinds of Leadership are naturally executed at diverse ranks in the company with different abilities and skills. The top level management would initiate new policies that involve a change in the businesss structure or understanding the companys mission. An understanding of the entire organization, culture, mission, vision and how it correlates with the external parties is mandatory for these top level individuals. They represent the organization and what the business stands for. Understanding the policy decisions and practicing them to the existing organization via utterance or speech is usually made by the intermediate-level managers. They must uphold a two-way point of reference by taking orders from the above management and adapting them for the lower groups of people in the organization. Type of Leadership Process Typical Organizational Level Cognitive (Knowledge) Affective (Emotion) Initiation: Change, creation and elimination of structure Top echelons System perspective Charisma Speech: supplementing and piecing out of structure Intermediate levels: pivotal roles Subsystem perspective: two-way orientation Integration of primary and secondary relations: human relation skills Management: use of existing structure Lower levels Technical knowledge and understanding of system of rules Concern with equity in use of rewards and sanctions EXHIBIT 16.1 Three Leadership Patterns, Their Location in the Organization, and Their Skill Requirements  [2]   The companys policies and procedures will be administered by the Lower-level supervisors. These personnel must possess both the technical knowledge and a clear perception of the organizations rules in order to be successful. They have to continually deal with issues such as equity, rewards and punishments in leading others. Therefore, leadership plays a crucial role in an organization because the it has direct impact on the effectiveness of the organizations. Leadership is when a person manipulates others to perform a task at their own will which they would not normally do. Leadership is a vital process to an organization and it can be deliberated on three different stages; i.e. the individual, group and organization. Analysis at the individual stage: the leadership studies have paid attention on the successful leader personalities. Behaviors of both formal and informal leaders are focused at the group level. The effectiveness of an organization is decided by the relations between the leader, follower and circumstances. The studies have caused an emergence of different theories of leadership, namely situational and contingency. In Search for Leadership The requirements in selecting and training efficient leaders were emphasized during the World War I and the quarter century between World War l and World War II; numerous studies were made to examine the personal characteristics of good leaders. These studies are usually referred as characteristic studies since the primary goal was to classify the traits and personal characteristics of successful leaders. The diverse methods used to study these leadership traits could possibly be the reason in the irregularities of the results. The manner of studies was not consistent in identifying the leaders. A majority of the studies was in comparing efficient with inefficient leaders or leaders with non-leaders. Some were identified by external observers, others selected by the group by way of recommendation or voting, nominated by observers such as teachers while some were chosen because they are already in leadership positions. The studies conducted were in conflict as to the way they deliberated on the traits. Some traits were measured by mental tests; others relied on viewers to spot the traits they have seen while some depended on the persons to report their own personality traits. The trait studies were quite unsatisfactory as a whole especially since they had hoped to develop an accurate measure of leadership effectiveness. The spotlight on the leadership research moved because of the flimsy results, to contingency studies which investigated more than just traits of a leader. Numerous traits formed an important divergence in leadership effectiveness and they interrelated with other conditional variables to stimulate the effectiveness of the leader. Physical Behaviors Physical attributes including height, weight, health and appearance are also examined in the studies. It was concluded that there is a relationship between the above features and leadership. Apparently leaders have the tendency to be taller, heavier, better fitness, greater physique, higher energy output and more attractive in appearance. However, these types of results were not always reliable and consistent. The results neither are too weak in general and not consistent to be effective in selecting leaders nor are they helpful for training functions since not much can be made to alter most of these physical traits. Intellect It was generally agreed that leaders are more intellectual than non-leaders and the relationship was shown in the various studies. The relationship could probably begin from the reality that leadership functions depend mostly on success in problem solving. Leadership roles such as initiation, speech and management necessitate great mental ability. In general, it is safe to assume that leaders seems to be more intelligent than non-leaders but the relationships are small. Many other variables other than intellect inspire leadership effectiveness. It was also suggested that leaders should not be too intelligent than the group because associates who are notably brilliant than others are rarely chosen as leaders since the other members tend to snub them. Individuals with high IQs are inclined to have different sets of vocabulary, networks and aspirations that would create communication and inter-relations problems. Leaders do extremely well generally at school/college/university and score better grades. It is important for effective leadership to know how to do things. Thus general and practical knowledge are essential for leaders to make better decisions. Characteristic Traits Only a partial of the characteristic traits seem to be related to leadership and most are not especially convincing. It was suggested that the average leader is more social, has greater initiative, is more persistent, smart in getting things done, highly self-confident, cooperative, adaptable to situations and possesses excellent communication skills.  [3]  Leaders were found to be more emotionally mature than non-leaders in the personality integration or emotional adjustment. It can be concluded that personal characteristics are related to leadership. Effective leadership does not depend on a mixture of personality traits only because situational variables are also important since they always decide whether a character was associated with effective leadership either positively or negatively. Therefore, it can deduced that effective leadership depends on the leaders characteristics, his subordinates and the nature of the task at hand. Many leadership styles were based on studies of leaders behaviors. The finest researches on the styles of leadership are made together at the same time; i.e. The Ohio State University and the University of Michigan. Researchers acknowledged two leader behaviors that were similar although the investigations were conducted separately. As a result, a two dimensional aspects of leadership have been to used to form the Managerial Grid  [4]  . Authoritarian, Democratic, and Laissez-faire  [5]  Leadership Due to the diverse political systems in the US and Germany before World War II, studies of leadership have been inspired which evaluated three styles of leadership: authoritarian, democratic, and laissez faire. In the democratic leadership style, decisions were made by vote of majority; equal participation encouraged; criticism and punishment minimal. In the autocratic leader, the leader made all the decisions and others must follow the set procedures strictly. In the laissez-faire leader, there was minimal actual leadership and others were permitted to work and play as usual without proper directives. Initiating Structure and Consideration The two leadership factors were initiating structure and consideration which include leadership behaviors in organizing and defining the tasks to be performed and goal achievements. A leader who assigns people to do specific jobs, expected workers to follow set routines and meet deadlines. The consideration factor is friendliness, showing trust, exhibiting warmth and concern for followers. Production-Centered and Employee-Centered Leader Behaviors Production centered behaviors were akin to initiating structure in which leaders would establish targets, gave directives, checked on operations and planned the group Employees work. Centered behaviors were similar to the considerations dimension in which the leader would develop a caring personal relationship with the subordinates and encouraged a two-way communication with them. The relationship between production-centered and employee centered behaviors are found to be independent scopes of leadership. A leader with strong production orientation does not mean that he is disinterested in the employees. Managerial Grid  [6]   Robert Blake and Jane Mouton had created a framework which relates task accomplishment to concern for people called the Managerial Grid. They both assumed that concern for production and concern for people would produce the most effective leadership style. There are leaders primarily more concerned with accomplishing the production and task not concerned about people. This person wants the job done and schedule followed at all costs. There is also individual who is not concerned whether the group produces anything but concerned more about the personal needs and interests of the team members. Ideally, leaders should be concerned about meeting schedules in order to get the work done and simultaneously are concerned about the team members interest and feelings too. The Managerial Grid  [7]  is popular among managers. It is extensively used by organisations as part of their training program to assess leadership style. However, the effectiveness of the Managerial Grid is not consistently supported. The factors which are considered in determining leadership styles interact in complicated ways which resulted in various leadership styles. SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP In assessing leadership effectiveness, there are many factors that must be combined. A situational leadership model developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard considers three variables: (1) guidance and direction provided by the leaders (task behavior) (2)emotional support given by the leader (relationship behavior) (3) the maturity level exhibited in performing the task As a result, four potential leadership styles have been created using a combination of the above factors : S1: Telling Give instructions and supervise performance closely. Suited for followers who are unwilling but of low maturity. S2: Selling Decide and provide opportunity for explanation. Appropriate for followers who are not able but willing. S3: Participating Sharing ideas in making decisions. Suited for followers who are able but not willing. S4: Delegating Responsibility handed over for decisions and performance. Appropriate for groups who are able and willing. Contingency Theory of Leadership Fiedler studied the interaction of leadership style and situation. He identified and developed ways to measure leadership orientation of the leader and situational factors which influence leadership. Leader Orientation Two types of leaders were identified, i.e. relationship-oriented or task-oriented. Leaders who are relationship-oriented tend to look at others as coworkers and look upon interpersonal relations as a requirement towards accomplishing the task. However, for task-oriented leaders, they react strongly against people whom they could not get along with in performing a task. Situational favorableness (1) relationships between leader and member can be good or bad; (2) the task is relatively well planned or not; and (3) the leaders authority is relatively strong or weak. The task structure becomes the second most important situational variable based on evaluation of four aspects of the task structure. Clarity: whether requirements of the tasks are stated clearly, Multiplicity: which the problems encounter can be solved. Verifiability: which the correctness of the decisions can be ascertained. Specificity: which there are generally more solutions involved in performing the task. Group effectiveness Relationship-oriented leaders perform excellently well in situations where concern for the team members is apparently necessary in order to motivate them to perform well. People naturally prefer leaders who care about them and their welfare. However, task-oriented leaders are clearly more effective in impossible situations. Path-Goal Model Directive leadership: subordinates are told what to be expected. Specific guide, standards and work schedules are provided to ensure that task are performed as expected. Supportive leadership: subordinates are treated equally and show concern for their needs and well-being; develop pleasant interpersonal relationships among the group members. Achievement-oriented leadership: challenging goals are set and subordinates are expected to perform at their highest level, improvement in performance always. Participative leadership: subordinates are consulted on suggestions and ideas in making decisions. Situational factors Characteristics of the followers and environmental factors which affect leadership style are called situational factors. Significant characteristics of the followers which have been identified as determinants of leadership style are: (1). Followers with internal locus of control believe that they are rewarded for their own effort. Meanwhile, followers with external locus of control believe that external forces have a control on their rewards. (2). Authoritarianism: an individuals willingness to accept the influence of others. (3). Abilities: The followers ability and experience influence a leader whether they are able to work with an achievement oriented leader or a supportive leader who are patient enough to provide encouragement and instruction. The path-goal model recognises three environmental factors which effect leadership styles: the nature of the task to be performed, the existing organisations authority system the organisational norms and dynamics The above factors may influence the effectiveness of various styles of leadership in a many ways. Normative Decision-Making Model of Leadership Based on the contingency theory of leadership, this leadership model does not assume any leadership style as appropriate for all situations. Leaders must develop a range of leadership styles and take on the most appropriate style depending on the situation. Leaders are required to know in which circumstances they need to consult others and vice versa. Even though the leader may be the chairman of the group, he is just one of the group members and does not try to influence the group to adopt a particular solution. Criteria for selecting a leadership style. Two criteria used for assessing the efficiency of a leadership style are quality and acceptance. The quality of the decisions made refers to the accurateness of the actions taken and the extent which some objectives are achieved. The quality of decisions depends on accurate and relevant information Conferring with other group members often provides additional information. Diagnostic decision rules. In order to save time and minimize costs, some managers choose the lead autocratically. If the aim was to further the subordinates personal development, the participative style is selected. In some strategies, the manager decides alone. At times, the manager decides on his own after earlier consultations with his subordinates. Comparing the leadership models. All situational leadership models emphasize on the effect of external factors on a particular leadership style. Different leadership styles suggest styles that are determined by various situational factors. The models focus on different methods, which are situational factors and criteria for selecting the best style: task-oriented versus relationship-oriented. The normative decision-making model ascertains three leadership styles, namely autocratic, consultative, and participative. In each model, situational factors which influence the effectiveness of leadership are somewhat different. A significant reason which contributes to this is that normative decision- making model likens leadership to decision making and considers only this aspect of the leadership function. The model also uses different criteria for evaluating leadership effectiveness. DETERMINANTS OF LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS Although identifying what makes an effective leader seems like a simple task, however, individuals who are in leadership positions are often faced with a dilemma on deciding which leadership pattern to practice. Choosing a Leadership Style Choosing the most appropriate leadership style to adopt depends largely on the context of the organisation. A successful leader must be capable of assessing the situational forces in the organisation and respond accordingly to the needs. The forces include the organisation culture, business goals as well as the organisations strategic plans. Effective leaders must understand themselves, the group, company and social environment. Strategies for Improving Leadership One of the main variable to improve leadership relates largely to the organisations reward system. Leaders should not overlook his capacity to reward his followers accordingly since followers will respond otherwise. For instance, the managers of high- performing groups generally are compensated according to their achievements. Considerate leaders manage to create satisfaction among their performing subordinates while at the same time, changes in the behavior of the leaders could be caused by the performance of the subordinates. Constraints on leader behavior. Leaders have limited opportunities to influence others. Leadership effectiveness is inhibited by a variety of factors. For example, the managerial decisions are planned ahead due to factors such as organisational structure, state and federal law, technological specifications and innovations as well as the absence of other alternatives. Many other organisational factors can impose limitations on the leaders capability to communicate with subordinates or reinforce their behavior towards achieving the organisational purpose. For example, organisational policies, nature of task, skills and abilities of available resources and other external factors may impede the capacities of organisational leaders. External factors. In terms of external factors, leaders are constrained by factors that they have no control on such as state and federal laws. Other external factors include the world economy and global issues. Irrespective of their leadership style, leaders with unskilled resources will face great challenges in leading. The availability of skilled followers is subjected to the external labor market. Organizational policies. The organization may limit a leaders effectiveness by hampering the amount of communication between leaders and followers. The existing company policies may also pose restrictions on the ability of leaders to reward or punish followers. Group factors. Leaders may find it hard to penetrate or influence group members who are highly unified. This will create difficulty for leaders to demonstrate his true capabilities in performing tasks for the organisation. Individual skills and abilities. The leaders own skills and abilities may become their constraints because leaders can only possess limited expertise, energy, and power. Some situations may need greater amount of skills, experience and capabilities compared to what the leader may possibly have. Substitutes for leadership. Leadership is an extremely important function. It has an enormous influence on the value of organizations, especially in a business environment. However, in complex situations, we may not know exactly which leadership behaviour will be the most effective to adopt. In addition, certain situations warrant that leadership may be unnecessary subordinates. SUMMARY 1. Leadership is the increasing influence which occurs when an individual manipulates others to do tasks voluntarily which they would not do otherwise. The basic leadership roles include initiation of policy and structure, speech, and management. Leadership is required within organizations to provide direction to employees towards a common organisational objective. 2. The studies of leadership were mainly studies on traits that tried to identify the characteristics of effective leaders. The studies focused mainly on physical traits, intellect and characteristic. The results were usually weak and inconsistent although some personal characteristics were always related to leadership. Most studies concluded that apart from behaviour characteristics and traits of the leader, the nature of subordinates and the type of task to be performed were as equally important to determine success. 3. Another approach to studying leadership set on leader behaviors; i.e. how leaders actually behave. One of the studies compared three leadership styles: authoritarian, democratic and laissez-faire. Democratic leadership produced the greatest satisfaction among subordinates while autocratic leadership style encouraged high level of productivity in the organisation. 4. Research conducted simultaneously at two different universities identified two groups of similar leadership behaviors. At The Ohio State University, researchers identified these two leader behaviors as initiating structure and consideration. At the University of Michigan, the similar two factors were called production-centered and employee-centered. These two leader behaviors seem to relate leadership functions which are essential to the effectiveness of a group. A matrix named Managerial Grid had been formed based on these two factors. The Managerial Grid correlates the concern for production and the concern for people in identifying leadership effectives. 5. As a result of unsuccessful researches conducted to identify superior leadership behaviors, four situational theories of leadership were developed instead. Theories have suggested that the effective of leadership style depends largely upon situational factors, especially nature of the group and the task to be performed. 6. A situational leadership model that matches various combinations of task and relationship behaviors with maturity of the subordinates. As the number of followers increases, the appropriate leadership style that should be employed would be telling, selling, participating and delegating. 7. Three situational variables are used to assess the most appropriate leadership style. The variables are the relationship between leader and members (good or bad), the task (structured or unstructured) and the strength of the leaders power. Based on findings, the most effective leadership style when these three variables created an extremely favorable or unfavorable situation is task-oriented leadership. However, a leader with a high concern for interpersonal relationships is most effective when there were intermediate levels of favorableness. 8. The path goal model theory is derived from expectancy theory. It suggests that effective leaders must clarify the paths to attract followers. Based on this theory, the directive, supportive, achievement-oriented and participative leadership styles emerged. The most appropriate leadership style is dependent on two types of situational factors: characteristics of followers as well as the internal/external environment. Three significant characteristics of follower are the locus of control (internal or external), authoritarianism and personal capabilities. The three environmental attributes are nature of the task to be performed, the existing organisational authority system and norms and dynamics of members. 9. The three leadership styles identified are autocratic, consultative and group decision making. Determining which style is most appropriate depends largely on several factors such as considerations whether adequate information is made available to the leader when making decision alone, whether the goals of the organisation are acceptable by the subordinates, orwhether the followers accept decisions made without their involvement. 10. Members of the group also has a reciprocal influence on the leader. Group member can influence the behavior of their leaders by responding selectively to specific leader behaviors. The power and influence of a leader can also be limited due to certain external factors such as policies of the organisation, norms of the group members as well as the skills and abilities of followers. POSITIONING ON LEADERSHIP CRISIS Many leadership theories have been in existence as more people tries to determine the most effective leadership style available. Arthur G. Jago (1982)  [8]  had proposed a framework that organizes leadership theories based on each theorys focus and approach. However, effective leadership also depends on specific situations. There are various kinds of behavior that leaders can display to its followers. The two leader behaviors that have been consistently identified are called production-centered and consideration-centered activities. A person can change his or her behaviour without being forced based on the amount of influence exerted by another individual. I concur with A. Ange on the presence of leadership crisis but I also foresee the resolutions taken and are still being taken to resolve the problem. Many organizations are spending money in sending their employees to be groomed and trained for future growth of the company whereby they are exposed to different methods of management and how to be great leaders. Leaders are born to leaders but in some circumstances, situations and environments also play a huge role in creating a leader. Leaders come and go and new ones are always on the threshold to take over the empty space. The qualities of the leaders and their leadership styles vary but they are vital in the development and motivation processes of the organizations. There is a crisis in good leadership but it is not at a critical point. Big organizations would have everything in place for the future growth of the company and would have in line the replacements for all aspects of the management. Even is small to medium sized organizations have planned their management line-ups for the future. The ongoing programs and trainings that are conducted by organizations to produce capable leaders and groom them further showed that companies are aware of the could be crisis and had taken steps to overcome the situation. Yes, there is a crisis but the severity of the crisis is not huge enough to cause panics throughout the organizations.