Plato †Philosophy Essay

Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]Plato (/? ple? to? /;[1] Greek: , Platon, â€Å"broad†;[2] 428/427 or 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) was a philosopher, as well as mathematician, in Classical Greece, and an influential figure in philosophy, central in Western philosophy. He was Socrates’ student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. [3] Alfred North Whitehead once noted: â€Å"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. â€Å"[4] Plato’s dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, religion and mathematics. His theory of Forms began a unique perspective on abstract objects, and led to a school of thought called Platonism. Plato’s writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato’s texts. [5]

Assessment of the Interactive Behavior Style

According to the DISC Platinum Rule Assessment, the â€Å"Interactive† behavior style defines people who are highly focused on other people. They love being around groups and they are fond of being involved in groups. They are generally extroverts and they do not like to be alone. They love working with other people. And they are very sociable. According to the assessment, people who are â€Å"interactive† get their motivation from being around other people. Their ultimate goal is to get other people’s recognition. They want to earn applause, acceptance, and complements.If recognition from other people is not present, they will ultimately lose their interest in whatever they are doing. Their drive to strive for their goals comes from other people. Most of the time, their ultimate goal is to earn to be appreciated. As for their decision making and their lifestyles, people categorized under the â€Å"interactive† behavior are very fast paced. They do not lik e routines. They are very spontaneous. Because of their liveliness, they usually want to do a lot of things all at the same time. Even if they are still involved with one activity, they jump to another task. That is why they often end up so disorganized.Aside from disliking everyday habitual activities, interactive people also don’t like facts. They do not like details. Instead, they generalize information. They base their conclusions on â€Å"guesstimates† than on highly objective and empirical data. That is why they often exaggerate. Interactive people also work well with others. Because they are sociable, they usually tend to attract the attention of others. They also have the ability to motivate others in order to work towards a common goal that they also pursue. They are perfect for those professions and careers that require excellent rapport with other people.They should be in the field of sales, entertainment, public relations, social welfare, and the like. Appl ication of Strengths and Weaknesses Just like what the assessment states, I am optimistic. I see life as an opportunity to do various activities. I am positive and cheerful. Everyday, my greatest accomplishment seems to stem from fulfilling one or two lively activities. Even if there is really nothing to do outside, I make it a point to go out and to look for something that I can occupy myself with. I love being around other people and that is probably why I value my friends so much.I also like going to parties and other social activities. I make it a point to form new friends despite the fact that I already have many acquaintances. Whenever I go to social gatherings, I make it a point to meet a new friend. I am one of those few people that you cannot alienate even if you expose me to groups of people that I do not know. I am also persuasive and very motivating. I can easily talk my friends into doing something I believe is terrific. In addition to that, I am very enthusiastic. I th ink it is a total waste of time to be lying around and doing nothing.I love engaging in various activities, even those which I am not very familiar with. I am passionate about living life to the fullest. However, because I do love engaging in many activities, I often become careless primarily because I am often preoccupied with so many things all at the same time. This is also probably the reason why I often end up being disorganized. My initially planned schedule for the day often gets tangled with the other activities that I usually want to slip in it. Analysis of the behavior assessment The analysis seems to be quite accurate in describing the prime motivators, strengths, and weaknesses of a person.The data yielded is very useful primarily because it was very thorough in describing the assessed person. It includes the possible conflicts associated with his set of strengths and weaknesses, as well as the possible steps that can be taken to solve such conflicts. The data provided i n the assessment can largely contribute to overall self-improvement. Understanding your tendencies and gaining insight on your personality can improve rapport and communication with other people. It can predict job performance and potential leadership skills (Kierstead, 1998). It can also be used in understanding the personalities of other people.In a personal case, it can help one concentrate on his strengths while altering his weaknesses. However, it should be noted that people should not confine their identities to the discussed test results (Carey,2004). Also, I have noticed that some characteristics of a particular behavior type often overlap some of the traits of the other types. Though the delineation between the types is often very obvious in the initial description, the question of exclusivity between the characteristics can be observed in the specific details of the subtypes of the behavior assessment.Also, although the results of the assessments are quite accurate, it sho uld be noted that people should not confine their self concept with the descriptions provided by behavioral evaluation, no matter how elaborate they are. Regardless of how complete and concise the assessment results are, people should realize that the results were based on a personality evaluation taken during a certain period of time at a certain moment in a person’s life. In simple terms, it is relatively an accurate assessment of someone’s here and now.It should be noted that people are rapidly evolving beings that can radically alter their behavior and personality over time, based on the set of experiences and challenges that come their way. A person with an interactive behavior type can transform into one who has a cautious or dominant behavior after having one of those life changing experiences or major life turn points. Basically, a technical generalization of the personalities of men should not be regarded as the sole indicator of how a person should be interpr eted.It should not be sued as a basis of what kind of people should one get along with. Confining your analysis of people into four types or sixteen subtypes can greatly promote stereotyping. As such, these should not be used as the sole basis of interaction with other people. In order to ascertain the adaptability and the efficiency of this behavior evaluation, such forms of assessments should be taken regularly in order to form comprehensive and accurate concepts of one’s self.

Not decided yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Not decided yet - Essay Example has established a causal relationship between smoking and the life span of the smoker, as opposed to establishing a correlation relationship between the two. The causal relationship requires that one variable leads to the other. In this case, the authors of the article have suggested that smoking leads to a reduction of a smoker’s life span by 10 years. This is a practical example of the authors incorrectly inferring causation from correlation, because the author ought to have stated that smoking may be related to a reduction in the lifespan of the smokers, as opposed to stating conclusively that in fact smoking causes the reduction of the lifespan of the smoker. The effect of this causal relationship established by the author is that; those people who do not smoke are guaranteed to live 10 more years, compared to the individuals who are involved in smoking. However, this assertion might not be true, because there are many smokers who live for many years compared to non-smokers based on different life factors. Therefore, this assertion cannot explain this practical variation between the assertion and the reality in life. The assertion above by the authors has come about as a result of a study that has suggested that smoking causes breast cancer. This is a case of the authors incorrectly inferring causation from correlation, because the right reporting ought to have been that there is a relationship between smoking and reduced lifespan. The authors arrived at the conclusion after the consideration of a study undertaken by researchers from the American Cancer Society, which produced findings â€Å"showing a 24% higher rate of breast cancer among women who smoked† (Press Association, 2014). This study served to add to the already existing evidence pointing to the existence of a link between the exposure to tobacco smoke and the breast cancer. This now marks the turning point of this study, from presenting a correlation relationship between breast cancer and

Read either document 22-1President Woodrow Wilson Asks Congress for a Essay

Read either document 22-1President Woodrow Wilson Asks Congress for a Declaration of War or Eugene V. Debs Attacks Capitalist Warmongers - Essay Example It was the war between Central Powers consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria and the Triple Entente composed of the Russian Empire, France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which had become the World War I with the decision of the USA to support the Triple Entente. In this essay I will analyze the reasons behind such a decision of the American government within the context of similar decisions in favor of war that the USA waged in historical retrospective of a couple of decades preceding American participation in the World War I. After the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America announced on July 4, 1776 and final settlement of controversies between the States during the American Civil War that took place from 1861 to 1865, the American government started to work more closely on such issues as foreign policy. The geopolitical strategy of the United States was marked with expansionist aspirations at the end of the 19th century. These aspirations gained considerable popularity within the American society after the victory of the United States in Spanish-American War in 1898, which resulted in the decision of Spain to cede Philippines, which had once been Spanish colonies in the Pacific Ocean, to the United States. Neglecting the will of the nation of Philippines for independence from any foreign rule, the leaders of Spain and the USA signed the agreement that made Philippines a part of American sphere of influence, which led to Philippine-American war. It is important to understand the reas ons why the U. S. government decided to wage this war in foreign land and how the President of the USA justified this decision because, in my opinion, it was somewhat aligned with the reasons behind the decision of the American government to enter the World War I. When the Philippine-American war broke out, the public opinion in the USA as to the necessity to send American troops to Philippines was

Financial Accounting Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Financial Accounting Theory - Essay Example One of the prominent implementations of accounting theory is in terms of developing normative standards. In these regards, accounting theory functions as a means of legitimizing the discipline of accounting in that articulates standards and regulations that establish public faith in the process (Deegan & Unerman 2011). Specific instances such prescriptive theories are implemented can be witnessed in terms of assets, wherein normative theories explore how these elements should be recorded (Deegan & Unerman 2011). Another such instance is prescriptive standards regarding the amount of accounting information that should be supplied to various stakeholders. In addition to normative accounting theories, there is also predictive or positivist accounting theories. Positivist theory seeks to develop predictive insights based on objective occurrences. There is an array of positivist perspectives. For instance, it’s noted that positivist theory seeks to make predications regarding the n ature of managerial compensation and accounting practices (Deegan & Unerman 2011). In these ways positivist accounting theories function both to allow investors or stakeholders increased insight into accounting motivations, as well as a means of gaining a broader understanding of financial markets as a means of contributing to more accurate normative structures. There are a number of concerns related to positivist accounting theory. To an extent I would say that I am a positivist. The notion of positivist accounting is linked to philosophical notions of theory. While one of the central tenants of positivist accounting theory is that markets are efficient, clearly this constitutes a weak version of the EMH as contained within it is the notion that corporations and accountants will act in self-interest contingent upon at times a partial understanding that accounting procedures will affect market conditions (Tinker, Merino, and Neimark 1982). I accept the notion this weak notion of EMH , with markets responding to all available information, but also recognize that in many situations human behavior plays a highly important role in security valuations. Not simply in investor behavior, but also in the self-interested behavior of accounting professionals. Considering that markets are oftentimes driven by external and internal behavioral elements the propensity of a positivist approach to accounting theory, while to a great degree fallible, nonetheless holds the propensity towards tangible and functional insight (Chua 1986). In these regards I believe that positivist theoretical explanations of accounting practices and market conditions are essential to a progressive understanding of both human behavior and market impact. Ultimately, a furthered understanding, while understandable imperfect, can still contribute to more equitable and transparent accounting practices. In these regards, I while I would not entirely refer to myself as positivist; I recognize the importanc e and effectiveness of positivist theory to the accounting profession. 2. Explain why you think regulation of financial accounting is needed or not needed. Recent occurrences in financial markets have brought to light the tremendous need for regulation of financial accounting. From an overarching qualitative perspective, one considers erroneous accounting procedures in organizations such as Enron, or the recent MF Global scandal wherein customer funds were inappropriately

Trends in Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trends in Terrorism - Essay Example Tsunamis, hurricanes, and typhoons are just a few natural disasters that mankind faces from time to time (Kapur & Smith, 2010). It is up to different individuals to set the stage for some of them to be tackled. This paper will examine one such disaster, and some of the communication problems agencies might have faced when it came down to handling the situation. Hurricane Katrina, to some, may have been the worst hurricane to ever hit the Atlantic. It is estimated to have killed over 1, 800 people, and the damage assessed to over 80 billion U.S dollars. Communication failure might have worked to increase the damage in terms of lives lost and the property destroyed. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director at the time was forced to resign because of the actions or lack of actions, to warn of the failure of the levee system to drain the flood water. The New Orleans Police Department also had to let go of the Superintendent after investigations were conducted into the fail ure of the levee system in the area (Milakovich & Gordon, 2011). Accurate weather tracking were provided by the U.S Coast Guard and the National Hurricane Center. However, none of these agencies were provided with sufficient knowledge about the levee system in the areas affected, and there was no way the citizens in the area could have automatically known of their fate. During the impact of Katrina, a lot of areas needed health information. Unfortunately, as the devastation of the hurricane continued, it was crucial for the agencies present to change their strategies to those of drown prevention and protection against electrical threats (Izard & Perkins, 2011). The fire departments in some of the states affected were destroyed completely, making the rescue efforts harder for the local agencies and some of the personnel to reach the affected areas. Communication became a problem due to the loss of information centers in these regions. There were reports of department personnel from s ome of the agencies abandoning their posts during the storm. There would have been no definite channel of communication between the different departments and agencies that were present during the evacuation and rescue operations. The destroyed communication infrastructure disabled rescue attempts as there could no longer be any coordination of response teams. There could be no access to the police and fire dispatch centers present in the affected areas, and no public safety radio system was able to operate adequately. In one incident, a senior state official was reported as saying there was no channel of communication and people were writing messages on paper, putting them in bottles, and throwing them in the water for people on the ground (Milakovich & Gordon, 2011). The inadequacy and inefficiency of response teams had consequences on the lives and property of the individuals in the affected areas. The economic, social, and even political scene was changing as people were quick to point fingers in every direction. In terms of repairs for some of the damages, the administration at the time sought for over $100 billion to start some of the repairs. Land was destroyed in the aftermath of Katrina, for example in Mississippi; acres of forest land were destroyed. The redistribution of people changed the social scene drastically

Why is Cost Accounting So Important to the Success of the Firm Research Paper

Why is Cost Accounting So Important to the Success of the Firm - Research Paper Example Cost accounting is very important because it provides relevant information that can be used by the managerial staff to make decisions. The information provided by cost accounting is mainly used internally by corporations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the importance of cost accounting for a firm. Cost accounting provides relevant information that can be used by both managers and financial accountants. It can be used to measure and report financial and non-financial information that relates to the cost of acquiring or consuming resources by an organization (Horngren & Foster & Datar, 2000). Accountants can be flexible in their applications of cost accounting due to the fact that cost accounting does not have to comply with the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Accountants also use cost accounting to describe the future activities of an organization. The information compiled by cost accounting can be useful both in the short and long term. The planning functio n of an organization benefits a lot from cost accounting. Another important benefit of cost accounting is that it allows companies to compute the cost of a product. There are different techniques and methods in cost accounting that are used by companies to make better decisions. Cost accounting can help a company establish the correct pricing for its products. A technique that can be used to set the price of a product is mark-up pricing. Mark-up pricing sets a price taking into consideration the cost of a product. For instance if the company determines that mark-up price is 50% and the cost of a product is $100, then the price of the product is $150. Another method in cost accounting that can be very valuable to make operating decisions is cost-volume-profit relationships (CVP). CVP analysis is one of the most powerful tools managers have at their command (Garrison & Noreen, 2003). The use of CVP analysis helps managers understand the relationship between cost, volume and profit. On e of the most popular and useful CVP applications is breakeven analysis. The breakeven analysis is an analysis to determine the point at which revenues received equals the costs associated with receiving the revenue (Investopedia, 2011). The net profit of a company at the breakeven point is exactly cero. The formula to calculate break even in units sold is fixed expenses divided by unit contribution margin. The use of break-even analysis can be used to determine the viability of a new project. A very important cost accounting method that is used by accountants and managers in all industries is budgeting. Budgeting is a planning function that displays in quantitative form a proposed plan of action by management for a future period of time and is an aid to the coordination and implementation of the plan (Horngren, et al., 2000). The preparation of budgeted financial statements is referred too as pro forma statements. Three advantages of the use of budgets are planning, creation of per formance criteria, and promotion of coordination and communication. The most comprehensive budget prepared by organizations is the master budget. The master budget is composed of a series of interrelated budgets. Some of the subcomponents of the master budget are: Revenue budget Production budget Direct materials budget Ending inventory budget Manufacturing overhead budget R&D costs budget Marketing budget Distribution costs budget Customer service costs budget Administrative costs budget Capital budget Cash budget A technique that is used to evaluate the results of a budget or pro forma financial statemen

Landmarks in Humanities Second Edition by Gloria K. Fiero Research Paper

Landmarks in Humanities Second Edition by Gloria K. Fiero - Research Paper Example The irony of the beginning and the end of the end of Rome is that the mythic man who built Rome, Romulus, is the name of the last emperor to rule over the state of Rome. Romulus Augustulus was the last emperor of Rome, his reign ending in 476 BCE when Flavius Odoacer deposed the emperor in the name of Constantinople (Illustrated History of the Roman Empire). This change is most often considered the moment that marks the end of ancient Rome and the beginning of the Western European Middle Ages (Schafer and Cohen 100). According to what is known about the last emperor, he was merely a teenager when his empire fell and was allowed to live, retired to the region of Naples with an annual pension. The power of the emperor had run so low that the new regime felt no threat from his living presence (Sass, Weigand, Pearson and Hattikudur 111). The problem with considering the ‘Fall of Rome’ is in determining exactly when Rome fell. If Rome is considered a concept more than a place, the fall of the empire might not have actually occurred until 1453 when Constantinople fell. If it is considered a place, the fall happened much earlier than the date of the deposing of Romulus Augustulus and occurred when Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Bosporus in Constantinople in 330CE. The only reason that it is considered to have fallen in 476BCE is because the line of emperors was broken during that event, but the fall of the Roman Empire can be considered through a vast number of events which makes the Empire either a short event in history or a very long event in history, spanning more than a millennia (Cunningham and Reich 108). Rome was a phenomenon that has yet to be truly rivaled since its time. At its height, the empire of Rome was spread from Hadrian’s Wall in Briton to the River Euphrates in Western Asia. According to Heather â€Å"interconnected fortress systems, strategic road networks, and professional, highly trained armies both

English literature 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

English literature 2 - Essay Example The story mainly explores the themes of control and women subjugation in the ill-fated society. The complex ways in which Sons of Jacob control the Gilead’s people and the ways anti-feminism is indoctrinated throughout the story are analyzed in detail. The narrative provides a clear view of the ways feminism has gone awry in the near future with the rise of patriarchy which in-turn was controlled by the religious totalitarianism. Set in the near future, the dystopian world is marked with rigid laws and women subjugation by a totalitarian Christian theocracy called Sons of Jacob. After the assassination of the president, a group of Right-wing fundamentalists take control of the entire State through a military coup and establishes the Republic of Gilead. The state was founded with the desire to restrict freedom and control every aspects of the society. â€Å"The Gilean government maintains its power by means of surveillance, suppression of information, ‘re-education’ centers, and totalitarian violence†.1 Owing to the pollution and radiation, the society sees a steep increase in sterility among men and women, which declines the birth-rates to dangerous level. Because of the declining birth rates, the oppressive puritan government of Gilead focuses on increasing its population by recruiting handmaids to repopulate the state. Offred was assigned to bear children for the Commander and his wife, Serena Joy, an elite couple who have trouble conceiving. The freedom of Offred is completely restricted by the totalitarian government. â€Å"Offred in The Handmaids Tale is victimized by a totalitarian system that attempts to control her thoughts and deny her humanity†.2 She is allowed to leave the house only for shopping trips and her monthly doctor visits. Even when she is away from home, her every public move is watched by the Eyes, Gilead’s secret police force. She is

Environmental Impacts & Consumption Essay Example for Free

Environmental Impacts Consumption Essay In an article examining resource consumption in the Welsh capital of Cardiff, Collins, et al. (2006) provide a critique of the tool known as the Ecological Footprint that has, in recent years, gained increasing currency in the assessment of anthropogenic environmental impact, as well as a brief history of its development and its implementation. By thoroughly scrutinizing the limitations and implications of Footprint methodology, Collins, et al. concluded which critical areas of consumption need to be addressed in Cardiff. Ultimately, the researchers’ goal is to provide a comprehensive value assessment of the Ecological Footprint methodology in relation to its utility in the development of sustainability policies. The article in question is entitled, â€Å"The Environmental Impacts of Consumption at a Subnational Level: The Ecological Footprint of Cardiff,† by John Barrett, Andrea Collins, Andrew Flynn, and Thomas Wiedmann. It was published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology in 2006. In it, Collins, et al, discussed the history of the Ecological Footprinting methodology, noting that it is premised on the idea that the planet has a limited ability to provide for all human resource demands. Therefore, any policy decisions regarding resource use must take this into account by balancing planetary limits against economic growth. Collins, et al, posited that humanity is currently in a state of overshoot, in which natural capital is being used faster than the planet can replenish it. Despite the strong interest which governments have taken to the use of Ecological Footprint as a sustainability indicator, it faces some criticism: Some have argued that it does not accurately reflect the impact of human consumption. Others maintain that it does not apportion the responsibility for impact in any useful manner. Regardless, Collins et al asserted that the Ecological Footprint is at the very least, useful to policy makers due to its power to communicate the link between consumption and impact. One of the key themes of the article was the need for measurements of sustainability and resource use to be fair and legitimate ones. In effect, the concern was that for any meaningful changes to be made regarding improving matters of sustainability in the city of Cardiff (or any other city for that matter) it would be necessary that data obtained is actually useful to the formulation of sustainability policy any resource use. To do otherwise, would only stymie progress in these areas or result in what other pundits have called, â€Å"greenwashing† which is the illusory notion of sustainability. As such, footprinting is designed to use standardized official and annual statistics and expenditure data to establish substantial links between personal consumption and environmental impacts, with resource use being the chain between them. As a city that has become driven primarily by finance, retail and tourism as its chief economic sectors, Cardiff’s participation in manufacturing has declined significantly over the years and developed a moderately prosperous lifestyle. However, its residents live an unsustainable lifestyle, using three times the average â€Å"earthshare,† and placing them well into overshoot. Furthermore, a majority of the resource consumption residents engage in is derived from food, travel, energy and consumables. The result is that dramatic changes will be necessary to address this. Ultimately, it is personal consumption rather than local industry that puts Cardiff residents in the position of being unequitable in their use of resources, and requires reframing social practices and institutional structures to undo these habits. These consumption domains include food and drink, with the primary area of concern being energy-intense preparation methods; transport, with concern directed towards private transportation; and tourism, with their intense reliance on catered food being of concern. In conclusion, Collins, et al, argued that Footprinting is of great utility in measuring impacts, but it must also be balanced against recognition of contexts which consumption should be set against: In the case of Cardiff, it should not be used to flatten the individual experiences of consumption, nor should its organizational nuances be neglected in assessing impacts. Simply put, the Footprint methodology is only as useful as the context it is set against, and the extent to which it is refined for socio-economic groups or geographic/subnational ones.

Effect of Political Instability on International Trade

Effect of Political Instability on International Trade ABSTRACT Regarding political instability in African Country, it is also undeniable that African continent has gone through some tough situation during fifty years past. But the fact is almost African cases regarding political instability the major cause of problem is leadership. And because of this African freedom heroes come to dictators, while African natural resources, politics of elimination and scarcity to slope the balance of authority continues to control the public globe. Moreover, these difficulties have been pointed out due to ordinary Africans leaders who already edged and they dont want to retire. Political instability in Africa may be obliged much of its reason to internal factors, though the interpenetration of internal and external aspect especially geo-political and economic comfort of the international community always play a major role in undermining the vey procedure and society that are expected to care for democracy and to inspire a sense of stability for community development in Africa. In combination to such issues as unequal development, poverty, disease, violence and the scheming tendencies of the local best, political and economic stability in Africa is continually under threat is though not emanating from inside the continent but as of external interests whose dryness for African resources, continue to figure the dynamics in areas connected to governance. Resources in Africa if fine managed are able of providing for its entered population, therefore the potentials for an extra stable environment, nevertheless, it is well recognized that stolen riches from Africa n frequently end up in banks abroad. [African Focus Bulletin, 2006], exist it money stolen by the political selected (case of Mobutu of Zaire, Abacha of Nigeria, and Moi of Kenya, just to state a few or the current Kibaki regime Anglo-leasing scandals in Kenya), they still end up in banks in the western capitals. Effect of Political Instability on International Trade in Africa countries What are the effects of political instability has on International Trade in African Countries? 1.0 Introduction The International Day of peace which was established by a U.N resolution in 1982, and is marked every year on September 21, is a global even whose activities are significant in highlighting the worldwide efforts towards conflict resolution and peace building.[Diaspora 2008] This day is more concern with African continent which most of place conflict have taken place. That there are troubles in Africa for quite decades even after several countries in the continent went through change from colonialism to self-government, is not a deniable reality. 2.0 Political Stability in Africa As described in the first essay, country with political stability, donors will trust that country and they will invest a lot. The larger company can transfer they investment to that country, also investor can return their profit back to the communities, and will boost the sectors which it almost died of is in bad shape. Country with political stability economy will grow; this is due to investor will invest more as long as they feel secure on their investment. People of the respect country will be benefited by get knowledge which transferred from the investors. Countries that can produce a product at the lowest possible coast will be able to gain a larger share in the market. Therefore an incentive to produce efficiently arises. This will help standards of the product to increase and consumers will have a good quality product to consume. More employment could be generated as the market for the countries goods widens through trade. International trade helps generate more employment through the establishment of newer industries to cater to the demands of various countries. This will help countries bring down their unemployment rates. However it could lead to a more rapid depletion of exhaustible natural resources. As countries begin to up their production levels, natural resources tend to get less. 2.1 Assessment of political stability on international trade in Africa 2.1.1 Peace and Stability Tanzania is one example of the country among sub Saharan Africa which economic and political stability is stable. Multi party democracy adopted in 1992 has not disturbed the peaceful political climate of the country. This is why FDI are very interested with country situation and invest a lot on different sectors, such as Mining Industries, beverage industries, telecommunications companies, NGOs and so on. 2.1.2 Labour skills and availability International Trade is doing well; this is because of access to skilled labour which is a key priority for companies competing in African economies. Tanzania has a long term commitment to make sure development on training and educated specialists is going well. The government put more budget of education sector in order to improve education and improve human capabilities and encourage technology transfer as a precondition for enhancing productivity of investment and attaining the desired level of competitiveness. [http://www.tic.co.tz/] 2.1.3 Private sector development Tanzania has notable itself among of few African countries that have thoroughly transformed their economies. Achievement of these reforms is imitated in the countrys strong macroeconomic fundamentals every time increasing growth rates, consistent falling inflation and increasing inflow of FDI. One of the factors that contributed to this achievement is the countrys unwavering commitment to build a strong private sector. [http://www.tic.co.tz/] 2.1.4 Infrastructure Facilities Tanzania put infrastructure as one of the key investment drivers of country is trying very hard to improve. 2.1.5 Stable Macroeconomic performance Tanzania had been concerned out successful economic and structural reforms, which have enhanced economic performance and continual growth. These achievements are based on concrete foundations of political and economic reform carry out by the government since 1986, placing Tanzania in a point where a prolonged stage of high GDP growth rates is predictable. In additional, Tanzania has a constant fiscal regime with sustainable rank of inflation. [http://www.tic.co.tz/] 3.0 Political Instability in Africa overview Regarding political instability in African Country, it is also undeniable that African continent has gone thru some tough situation during fifty years past. But the fact is almost African cases regarding political instability the major cause of problem is leadership. And because of this African freedom heroes come to dictators, while African natural resources, politics of elimination and scarcity to slope the balance of authority continues to control the public globe. Moreover, these difficulties have been pointed out due to ordinary Africans leaders who already edged and they dont want to retire. Political instability in Africa may be obliged much of its reason to internal factors, though the interpenetration of internal and external aspect especially geo-political and economic comfort of the international community always play a major role in undermining the vey procedure and society that are expected to care for democracy and to inspire a sense of stability for community development in Africa. In combination to such issues as unequal development, poverty, disease, violence and the scheming tendencies of the local best, political and economic stability in Africa is continually under threat is though not emanating from inside the continent but as of external interests whose dryness for African resources, continue to figure the dynamics in areas connected to governance. Resources in Africa if fine managed are able of providing for its entered population, therefore the potentials for an extra stable environment, nevertheless, it is well recognized that stolen riches from Africa n frequently end up in banks abroad. [African Focus Bulletin, 2006], exist it money stolen by the political selected (case of Mobutu of Zaire, Abacha of Nigeria, and Moi of Kenya, just to state a few or the current Kibaki regime Anglo-leasing scandals in Kenya), they still end up in banks in the western capitals. 3.1 Africans leadership problem and political instability The African political instability and former related problems is basically an outcome of its leadership trouble. African governments are run in ways that have been staring as far from the modern western state structure [Osei Tutu, 2004] Domestic issues play a major role in the changeover. These domestic issues frequently variety as of corrupt rulers, repressions, a majestic legacy, distended states, and inadequate political structures and an obliteration of democracy [diamond, Linz, and Lipset 1989; Diamond and Plattner 1999]. However, the international framework often plays a vital role in both the changeover in general and the attendance of violence in exacting [Lupo, 2004] 3.2 Africans economy and political instability Despite the miserable predictions, most African economies are exploiting well even though a few country cases are still experiencing hard times in terms of political stability, economic growth and challenges posed by poverty and diseases, trade quantity and foreign investments have enlarged over time. However the political instability in Africa, which as well underpins the economic development frequently, has strong associates to internal and external distinctive interests time and again. Africas resource in this case has never been its approval, but a nuisance. These is no justification for the under development of the continent even as it sits on huge natural resources. [Rodney, W. (1981)] 3.3 Africa Political violence and political instability As an effect, the legitimate frameworks and state institutions have been meddle with, in order to generate an uneven play field alongside the opposition. Some of these procedures have seen irregular violence during electioneering era, leading to political instability. However the level of violence and the mode in which they are perpetrated differ from country as the recent elections in Uganda, Nigeria, Kenya and Zimbabwe can illustrate. [Mahamoud, 2006:15] With a lot of countries holding their third or fourth multi-party elections, internal power struggles have engaged a cruel dimension, thereby intimidating the very existence a lot of countries. Since the beginning of multi-party democracy in mainly African countries electoral procedures have been go together with political violence, as part of the democratisation process [Lupo, 2004; Huntington,1991]. Most violence is such cases are often state supported, to the advantage of the incumbent, while a variety of groups that hike for state power also intensely hired violence, in the form of informal groups, militias and gangs. In the circumstance of all the violence, it is the normal people who loose out in terms of lives and property. The calamity is that the political conflict is not about substitute political programmes that could address the main problems such as poverty, disease and illiteracy, but only a fight over who has right to use the state resources.[country-details] 4.0 Analysis 4.1 International Trade within Political Instability in Africa Country with political instability will be hard for investor to invest. This is due to situation is not good for them. However other investors are attracted with situation and take advantage for the situation by starting to make business. The International companies who are suppliers of guns and weapon will their time to sell and pray to God situation remain the same for sack of the business. People killed each other but investors they dont care as longer they doing business. In other part they may support that conflict by provide some money for other part to make them be able to fight other side and war continue. So as we can see one side they will be in trouble due to the investments been destroyed in the war because of political instability, and other side they will be benefited. Some of countries remain poor because of political instability. This could be ethnic tension, tribalism or all out war. Country such as Zimbabwe, Somalia, Rwanda and others they involved with long-term conflicts, they have a little chance of developing. Some countries also crash ethnic divides that are a constant distraction de-stabilizing the region and end up of discouraging investment, one example is Sir Lanka. 4.2 Assessment of political instability on international trade in Africa There are often political factors involved in why some of African country such as Zimbabwe, Somalia Sudan, Ethiopia, and Burundi and other suffers. This is due to bad government. Governments need to do a lot of things to encourage development, they need to build and maintain infrastructure and raise and spend finance wisely on the right projects. When governments are inept at managing infrastructure, development is impossible. Nobody wants to build a factory in a city where the power could go out at any time. Zimbabwe and other mentioned country should do the same and also needs to set up their laws and business practices in a way that encourages investment. Some of the Factors which affect international trade operation in Africa Corruption International Trade Trade Laws Political Instability Corruption Corruption is something which frustrating, disheartening and fundamentally disempowering investors. When government become loose on the simple process such as customs officials which everyone knows about, it end up of make life difficult to investors and business in general. In African countries this is common and is needs to be stopped and my country tried very hard to make it happened. [makewealthhistory n.d] Trade Laws Trade Laws it is largely a political matter. Sir Walter Raleigh famously said whosoever commands the trade of the world commands the riches of the world and hence the world itself Political instability Political instability plays a role in why some countries like Somalia and others remain poor. This could be ethnic tension, tribalism, or all out war. Needless to say, countries with long-term conflicts such as the ones in Somalia or Afghanistan have little chance of developing unless otherwise. [makewealthhistory n.d] I tried to make research for some of the African countries as follow SOMALIA Somalia involved with war since of Siad Barres regime in 1991. A lot of people in Somalia suffered due of conflict which causes long-term impact of disturbed peace, security and stability also development. This conflict cause a lot of problem and continued loss of life which end up of intermittent fighting, famine, displacement of persons and the resultant flow of refugees. The conflicts affect also neighbors countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia and Djibouti, due to proliferation of small arms, huge influx of refugees many of whom are ex-soldiers its criminal target. Overall Somalia politically is unstable. After the collapse of the Somali government various factions decided to vie for control of Somalia, which resulted in chaos, clan warfare, and interplant fighting. Although Somalia is not as lawless as it was at the time when Barre as ousted Somali factions still continue to fight for control of the territory. Somalia is a much divided national that lacks any sense of cohesive government and therefore there is no real overall ideology of the country. Somalia is attempting to stabilize many of the internal conflicts that continue to prevail in the country along with attempting to create a political ideology and a foreign policy. Political uncertainty its like nightmare to investors. It does disturb FDI (foreign Direct Investment) flow of their investment plan together with private sector and economic growth because government owned those public sector units as well. If happened that country faced unstable political, many this goes wrong. In situation like this no investor will be interested to invest in Somalia Land. This is due to political instability which put FDI in hard situation to invest. This conflicts cost the horn Africa countries deeply in terms of security due to increase of groups of arms, due to influx of refugees and lost trade. However international and regional organizations such as the UN (United National) and IGAD (Intergovernmental Authority for Development) have come between for the aim of bring peace in the war torn country. According to [BBC conversation 29th December 2010 thru radio] American tried to make peace there but they failed due to Somalia arm group come together and fight American. Somalia is one of the nations that has struggled and still does today in order to function well. It is one of these are rare places where there is ongoing civil war and it has no central government. Somalia is in a state of anarchy because it had problems after their president got assassinated in 1969, it has many economic problems, and native clans in Somalia are constantly fighting with their foes. If Somalia can solve these problems, it will be able to function very well and gain a government that will suite them well. UGANDA Another example is Uganda country. Iddi Amin President by then ruled the Government to manage all of Asian investors properties and commanded them to leave the country in short notice. This was applied to all whites investors, and even rich black. This was real bad to investors. Due to dictatorship mode of government the country came down economically and eventually to poor position. After war he decided to attack neighbor country which is Tanzania and caused a war. Situation become worse, Tanzania and Uganda war rendered Tanzania economy to fall drastically. It takes time for Tanzania to recover due to many country resource used on that war. Frankly it will be difficult for investors to withstand in violence countries. Economic growth needs political stability which will attract investors to invest in a particular country. BURUNDI Another example is Rwanda and Burundi. People killed and neighbor countries also affected due to the guns and other dangerous tools goes to them and used for robbed and so on. Rwanda war was so bad because it was tribe war (within Rwandas people). It was very difficult for investor to invest there or do international business there. They so cruel killed themselves, kill religion leaders and so on. Lets look at Zimbabwe; Mugabe makes things worse thereby take away the investors investments which most of them was farm. Those investors were doing very well on that sector. Mugabe was trying to divide the land to the Zimbabwe farmers without knowing that they dont have money to invest there and at the end they fail to run the business. Look at Zimbabwe now is terrible. There was violence which has badly hurt the commercial agricultural sector the traditional cause of exports and foreign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs, revolving Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products. The EU and the US give food aid on humanitarian foundation. Badly needed bear from the IMF has been suspended as of the governments arrears on long-ago loans and the governments unwillingness to ratify reforms that would become stable the economy. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe normally prints money to fund the budget deficit, causing the official annual inflation rate to rise from 32% in 1998, to 133% in 2004, 585% in 2005, passed 1000% in 2006, and 26000% in November 2007, and to 11.2 million percent in 2008. In the meantime, the official exchange rate chop from approximately 1(revalued) Zimbabwean dollar per US dollar in 2003 to 30,000 per US dollar in September 2007[ country-details n.d] Many people in Zimbabwe they dont have jobbed, currency is in bad shape due to inflation. Before Mugabe took land from investor, people were employed on that industry, the difference from now there is no job due to those who given that land they dont have money to run the business. Zimbabwe is other country which has political problem. Zimbabwe is the second highest HIV infection fate, per capita, in the world. Zimbabwe has experienced the breakdown of law and order, unemployment of 65%, inflation104%, the collapse of the economy and the health delivery system. Human rights abuses in the form of violence and rape have continued unabated and are carried out with impunity by the ruling party activists. Voices against basic human rights abuses speak at great personal risk. It has been established that the effects of the current situation have impacted negatively on the health and well being of the people through increased stress, little or no access to primary health care facilities, unemployment, hyper-inflation and a general sense of helplessness and hopelessness. All this is due of political instability. [gateway n.d] Zimbabwe there are group of people have good life, but majority are not enjoying anything. They have very difficult life. Most of people they live in poverty and cause of anger among them towards government. These anger cause political instability and end up of forming crime revolutions and so on. [wiki.answers n.d] INFLATION-ZIMBABWE Zimbabwe Economic Overview The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable fiscal deficit, an overvalued official exchange rate, hyperinflation, and bare store shelves. GDP -real growth rate -6.2% estimated in 2008. GDP (official exchange rate): $4,397 billion Note: In 2009 the Zimbabwean dollar was taken out of circulation, making Zimbabwes GDP at the official exchange rate a highly inaccurate statistic.[Source: C/A World Factbook] http://www.country-details.com/africa/zimbabwe-economy.php Transition to a market economy Before Investor decide to invest to any country especial African country always they tried to check of follow Gross National Income (GNP) GNP helps to measure income generated together by total domestic production towards as the international trade production activities of local companies. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP is the broadest measure of economic activity for a country. GDP helps investor to assessing countries in which the output of the multinational sector is a significant share of activity. Improving the Power of GNI GNI is a robust estimator of an economys absolute performance. Here international manager has to be careful because GNI can mislead when he/she tried to compare countries. For example, manager to compare economic power of USA and Tanzania will not give manager a good result. So in order for manager to get good view should adjust it for taken the number of people in that country, their growth rate, and their cost of living also economic sustainability. Per Capital conversion Manager will use this indicator to which helps to explain an economys performance according of number of people who lives in such country. Purchasing Power Parity Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is the number of units of a countrys currency required to buy the same amounts of goods and services in the domestic market that one unit of income would buy in the other country. [Daniel, Sullivan et. al 2009pp186-202] 5.0 Effect of Political Instability Opportunities could be caused by political instability 5.1 Conflict resolution and peace building initiatives In terms of conflicts in Africa, many hot spots are recovering, and making big leaps towards peaceful coexistence. Even though there are some pockets of unresolved cases like Somalia, Darfur, Congo and Northern Uganda among others, there are encouraging examples such as Sierra Leone, Rwanda, and Southern Sudan. In this context Africa is undergoing a complex process of multiple transformations. Solution to some of these cases has been found from within, coupled with external support. For this reason, it can be argued that part solution to the conflict situation and political instability in Africa lies in the west. More specifically is for the western governments to address the issue of arms manufacture and sale of arms, weapons to Africa and to address the conduct of their multinational involved in extractive activities at the expense of African lives. On the same breath, we cannot talk of health problems in Africa when countries in the west have not seen the sense and subsequent impl ications of dumping hazardous technologies and products in Africa 5.2 International Trade in Africa Some of the country they take advantage of the political instability situation to make money by doing international business in that such country. In both situations, political change creates systemic risks that impact all firms whose activities are affected by the political system. System changes dont necessarily create political risks that reduce potential profits. Elections and policy shifts can create opportunities for foreign investors. For example in 1990s a newly elected government in Argentina initiated a radical program to deregulate and privatize the countrys state-centered economy. Investors who accepted the risk and pursued the resulting opportunities prospered as Argentina became more democratic. There is one case in our International Business model talk about china. That case trace about the development of China, where political change has created opportunities in several areas, including market potential and performance. This of course, that taking advantage of such at tractive opportunities entails taking risks in a country where political and legal complications still pose roadblocks to profitability.[Daniel, Sullivan et al (2009) pg155] When other countries suffer of political instability, other countries enjoy that situation very much. Lets say country faced political instability and happened there is a war, some of international companies from other country they start to do business by selling guns, and other things which needed in situation like that. The neighbour countries get advantage of when refugee run to them, they get support from international support programme. The people of such neighbour country they will be benefited by get food, clothes, and other human needs thru refugee. However those neighbour countries may suffer due to refugee may transfer the conflict in that country. Unemployment When country faced political instability unemployment rate will be high, and country will not be able to offer job to the people. So when investors who they ready to take risk move to that country will be easy for them gets cheap labor. People they dont have job and they need money means they will do any kind of job to get money. However countries that are unable to create jobs for their citizens create a risky business environment. So investors whose will take risk to invest in such country must take precaution for robbery and thief due to people are desperate to get money. Generally, people out of work and unable to find jobs depress economic growth, create social pressures, and provoke political uncertainty. Inflation Inflation cause rise in prices measured against a standard level of purchasing power. Country in political instability inflation will be high and the investor who doing there they have power to set their price (high) and consumer they dont have choice. Life will be expensive and investor who doing business there are benefited with high price of commodities. People they work to them and get salary and at the end of day they give back that money to them. This is to say foreign will be able to transfer resources to home country indirect. Debt The debt for the country which faced political instability growing because government dont have money, and end up of borrows money from the financial institution. This will be benefit to those countries which hold those financial institutions such as IFM and so on. Income distribution GNI or PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) will be low due is calculate with which income the average person earns. Country with political instability not everyone is average, neither indicator tells us what share of income goes to what segments of the population. So the big share will go to foreigner whose they have big share of money, and this will be benefit to them.[Daniel, Sullivan et. al pp196-203] Production factors move Capital especially short-term capital is the most internationally mobile production factor. In country with political instability companies and private individuals primarily transfer capital because of differences in expected return. This situation cause of transfer capital back home or to another country and will be benefit to foreigners due to some of country when foreigner came to invest, government allow them to make business for the first three years without of paying tax. The countries with political instability foreigner advantage of this situation and invest for only three years without tax and move to another country. This happened because they not secure with political situation. Analyzing Risk In between political instability, one country risk may be another opportunity to other country. For example companies which provide security services such as guard services, alarm systems, insurances and guns may get the big opportunities of sales where the victim country suffer in war.[Daniel, Sullivan et. al (2009)p 502] 6.0 CONCLUSION Finally the research has been done accordingly by the guidance of the lecturers and my family members. Thanks to be them, without forgetting my fellow students for their corporation. 7.0 RECOMMENDATION An African countries leader has to make sure political in their country is stable so that FDI can transfer they technology, skill and knowledge to the local people thru International Business.

Online Communities :: Internet Technology Computers Papers

Online Communities The Internet...the most exciting, mysterious and phenomenal form of communication to date. It allows people to enter a world where they can explore far off places they would not dare to venture into in the tangible world. It gives people the opportunity to communicate with other human beings from all over the world using nothing but a keyboard. It is an information highway, a place where research can be gathered on any topic capable of entering into the imagination. My exposure to the world of Cyberspace began six years ago when I entered college at California State University, Chico. I obtained a school-based e-mail account. In addition to writing to friends at other colleges, I was able to chat with other people on campus using a "talk" command. Throughout my two-year experience at Chico, I never ventured far out of the school-based e-mail system and never once went surfing on the "net." It wasn’t until I transferred to California State University, Northridge that I began my exploration of the Internet. Since I was commuting from home where I had a computer with no modem, it was at the school library where I did my e-mail. It was on these library computers that I became familiar with the Internet. I was now exposed to a whole new aspect of being online. I began using the Internet to research topics for both papers and recreation. In fact, when I moved back home and started going to CSUN, I became very involved in swing dancing. I wanted to know the "where, when and how" of the swing dancing scene in Los Angeles. The Internet became my source of information. I became part of an online community of swing dancers. I joined a forum where people gathered to post announcements and talk about nothing more than swing dancing. The Internet provided me the opportunity to get hooked into the dancing community via an online community. After the first couple of years at CSUN, upon my graduation in Deaf Studies, I obtained a personal computer with a modem and signed up for America Online. I was now able to have both e-mail and access to the Internet from the comfort of my own home. And now, for the last two years, I have been using this AOL account almost exclusively for e-mail. I never use the Internet unless absolutely necessary and find myself getting impatient and agitated when I can’t find what I am looking for or when I come to a screen saying "Page Not Found.

Investigating the Communicative Phenomena in Multi-User Dimensions :: Internet Computers Technology MUDs Essays

Investigating the Communicative Phenomena in Multi-User Dimensions CHAPTER 1: Rationale and Literature Review Magnafix says, "Have you figured out the secret entrance to Kahn Draxen's castle?" Newtrik sighs deeply. Newtrik says, "I think so, but I haven't found the stone key yet!" Magnafix grins mischievously. Magnafix gives a stone key to Newtrik. Newtrik smiles happily. Newtrik shakes hands with Magnafix. Newtrik says, "Thanks!" Magnafix grins broadly and says, "No problem..." Newtrik leaves west. Introduction Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the communicative phenomena to be found in those environments known as Internet MUDs, or Multi-User Dimensions. These text-based virtual realities are presently available to students and faculty at most learning institutions, as well as anyone with a computer and a modem. Though the term "virtual reality" has become connected for many with visions of fancy headgear and million dollar gloves, MUDs require no such hardware. They are, however, a form of virtual reality, "because they construct enduring places, objects, and user identities. These objects have characteristics that define and constrain how users can interact with them," (Holmes & Dishman, 1994, p. 6). Having been created in their most rudimentary form nearly two decades ago, the technology that supports MUD interaction is well developed and has spawned a new variety of communicative environment, one that thousands if not millions of users have found fiercely compelling. Since MUDs are generally restricted to text-based interaction (some support ANSI codes, and the graphical MUDs are gaining popularity), one might expect that the interactions therein are characterized by a lack of regulating feedback, dramaturgical weakness, few status cues, and social anonymity, as Kiesler and her colleagues have suggested (Kiesler, Siegal, & McGuire, 1984). While these characteristics may be readily attributable to the majority of interactions within experiments on computer conferencing and electronic mail, such is not the case for MUDs, as each (there are hundreds) is a rich culture unto itself, as will be shown. This thesis is meant to explore the modalities by which MUD users avoid the drawbacks mentioned above, specifically, how nonverbal communication takes place in a virtual world composed solely of words. Background History of network computing The first computer network was created in the late 1960s in an effort by the Department of Defense to link multiple command sites to one another, thus ensuring that central command could be carried on remotely, if one or several were disabled or destroyed. Once the hardware was installed, the military allowed educational institutions to take advantage of the research resources inherent in multiple site networking. This interlaced network of computer connections spread quickly, and in the early 1980's, the network was divided into MILNET, for strictly military uses, and ARPANET, which, with the advent of

Wind Power: The Cheap, Effective and Reliable Energy Source :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Wind Power: The Cheap, Effective and Reliable Energy Source In 1996, the Moores were faced with a disturbing problem. A nearby mine owned by Arch Coal had removed the top of a mountain near the town of Blair to access the coal seam beneath. Most residents chose to move out to avoid the "blast rock," or chunks of rock that came raining down after the massive blasts, and the thick chocking dust that filled the town. The Moores, however, stayed. According to Victoria Moore, the conditions were atrocious. The thick dust upset their son's asthma, and the sound of explosions constantly shook the town. "If you were inside, it interrupted your life. If you were outside, it interrupted your life," said Victoria. "...I couldn't sit on my porch without getting dust on me, I couldn't even walk in my grass. I couldn't get in my car. I couldn't even let my kids go out and play." Finally even the Moores were forced to move out (Buying Blair). This Logan County coal mine is one of hundreds across the United States. The majority of the coal from these mines g oes to run coal-fired power plants that provide electricity to homes across America. The sad part of this story really is that it did not need to happen. Now, with massive advancements in wind energy, coal has become largely outdated and ineffective. Instead of removing the top of the mountain near Blair, a wind farm could have been built. Electricity produced from new wind farms is more economical in dollar terms than electricity produced by new coal-fired power plants. And, if the detrimental environmental side effects and costs of burning coal are factored in, wind power looks even better. Wind power has been around since early civilization. It possibly preceded the use of animals to grind grain, and was invented either in China or Persia. Historians speculate that the windmill technology was then moved to Europe during the crusades. The Dutch were the first major industrial users of windmills. They used them to pump sea water out of the hand made dikes to increase land area. Until the invention of electricity, windmills were mostly used for pumping and grinding grain (Berry). In the US, as electricity became widely used, many people still living too far away from the power lines attempted to use their water pumping windmills to run generators. This failed because the pumping wind mills were used for high torque, low speed applications, which was the opposite of what the electric generators required.

Broadcasting Industry

When Newton Minow delivered his first formal address as the newly appointed chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1961, his speech triggered discussions about the role broadcasting, specifically the television played in the society. Minow’s Address to the National Association of Broadcasters elaborated on the critical task the broadcasting industry brings to the audience, in the case of television, the viewing public. He presented the harmful and constructive effects that the television possesses. Winow highlighted his major arguments on television’s negative or ill effects to viewers.It is a common knowledge that the viewers more especially the children of this generation will be devoting more of their time watching television – waiting for their favorite programs, switching channels and choosing programs they will be interested to watch or simply killing time. The premise was that the programs offered to the publics are not intelligibly cho sen and put on-air. Most networks air programs for the purposes of earning high ratings and viewership without really considering what the viewer will be getting from such programs.It is indeed true that TV works for one general function – to inform, but it seems like the broadcasting industry’s trend has done away with integrating or injecting values to the programs they air. With the current set-up or trend, the viewers are the ones at risk. The reason why mass media – particularly the television is blamed for the collapse of the society’s (especially the children’s) value system. According to Marsden, the disintegration or what was termed as fragmentation affected the religious and moral life in the United States over the decades when the mass media proliferated.With Minow’s account of the world currently living in a â€Å"television age† one of the worst effects would be such disintegration. This proves how immense the television can influence the viewing public. What the viewers see on television is often times accepted to be the truth and is treated as something to be absorbed and to some extent, be imitated or applied in real life. Stories and programs with themes about violence, revenge, murder and sex leave the viewer without morals or values to keep but in some cases make them believe that violence is justifiable.These details were some of the reasons why the FCC chairman illustrated the television shows as a vast wasteland. Television is one of the most powerful mass media which can reach millions of viewers with a single program at one sitting. With this great potential the television offers, Winow believed that the broadcasting industry should take advantage of this. Television industry should not just be satisfied of fulfilling its information function but it should make use of its power to educate, inspire, motivate, challenge and empower the loyal viewers.It is still good news that there are stil l a few programs that cater to the mentioned functions. Putting the viewers into consideration not only making them enjoy what they watch but also more importantly allow them to learn and decide for themselves. Minow emphasized that the broadcasting industry owes a lot to the viewing public, leaving the practitioners the challenge of giving back to the publics what they truly deserve. The public is given the choice and control over programs to tune in, and responsible broadcasting is all about providing them with quality programs to choose from.Television has a very big potential in molding the public, but along with this potential also comes a crucial responsibility of airing appropriate shows both for children and adults and other segments of the viewing public. He had also stressed that the broadcasting industry, more specifically the television should be used as a tool or instrument in molding the viewers as he mentioned about educational television. Newton Minow posed a challen ge to the industry practitioners to be more responsible, to use the television to the viewers’ advantage considering the tremendous power and influence such broadcast medium provides the public.

Energy Saving Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb Environmental Sciences Essay

The Carbon Trust Applied Research and Incubator strategies has over the old ages through their Low Carbon Technology Assessment given a clear indicant of their engineering precedences and this have been determined on the footing of the C salvaging potency of each engineering and the extent to which the Carbon Trust support is likely to hold a important impact on advancement towards its commercial deployment. This they do sing the increasing sum of C pollution in the environment which has led to a heap up of Greenhouse Gas ( GHG ) and has made clime alteration a great concern for the full universe. Harmonizing to the Pew Centre ( 2011 ) about all of the nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations from the residential and commercial sectors can be attributed to energy usage in edifices and illuming histories for approximately 11 % of energy usage in residential edifices and 18 % in commercial edifices, which means it uses the 2nd largest sum of energy in edifices after warming, airing, and air conditioning ( HVAC ) systems. Therefore accommodations to illuming systems can be straightforward and achieve significant cost nest eggs accordingly ; turn toing lighting can be a simple manner to cut down a edifice ‘s energy usage and related GHG in a cost-efficient mode. This can be achieved harmonizing to the Pew Centre ( 2011 ) in two ways: Conservation ; through minimising the sum of clip visible radiations are in usage ; Efficiency ; betterments that cut down the sum of energy used to illume a given infinite, by and large utilizing a more efficient illuming engineering. Lighting is a big and quickly turning beginning of energy demand and nursery gas emanations. In 2005 grid-based electricity ingestion for lighting was 2650 TWh worldwide, which was about 19 % of the entire planetary electricity ingestion. Furthermore, each twelvemonth 55 billion liters of gasolene and Diesel are used to run vehicle visible radiations. More than one-fourth of the population of the universe uses liquid fuel ( kerosene oil ) to supply lighting ( IEA 2006 ) . Global electricity ingestion for illuming is distributed about 28 % to the residential sector, 48 % to the service sector, 16 % to the industrial sector, and 8 % to street and other lighting. In the industrialised states, national electricity ingestion for illuming scopes from 5 % to 15 % , on the other manus, in developing states the value can be every bit high as 86 % of the entire electricity usage ( Mills 2002 ) . More efficient usage of the energy used for illuming would restrict the rate of addition of electric power ingestion, cut down the economic and societal costs ensuing from the building of new bring forthing capacity, and cut down the emanations of nursery gases and other pollutants into the environment. At the minute fluorescent lamps dominate in office lighting. In domestic illuming the dominant light beginning is still the inefficient incandescent lamp, which is more than a century old. At the minute, of import factors refering lighting are energy efficiency, daytime usage, single control of visible radiation, quality of visible radiation, emanations during the life-cycle, and entire costs. Efficient lighting has been found in several surveies to be a cost effectual manner to cut down CO2 emanations. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for non-residential edifices concluded that energy efficient illuming is one of the steps covering the largest potency and besides supplying the cheapest extenuation options. Among the steps that have possible for CO2 decrease in edifices, energy efficient illuming comes foremost largest in developing states, 2nd largest in states with their economic systems in passage, and 3rd largest in the industrialised states ( Urge-Vorsatz, Novikova & A ; Levine 2008 ) . The study by McKinsey ( McKinsey 2008 ) shows the cost-effectiveness of illuming systems in cut downing CO2 emanations ; see Figure 1.1. The planetary â€Å" C suspension cost curve † provides a map of the universe ‘s abatement chances ranked from the least-cost to the highest-cost options. This cost curve shows the stairss that can be taken with engineerings that either are available today or look really likely to go available in the close hereafter. The breadth of the bars indicates the sum of CO2 emanations that we could slake while the tallness shows the cost per ton abated. The lowest-cost chances appear on the left of the graph. Capture1.PNG Figure1.1- Costss of different CO2 suspension chances. ( McKinsey 2008 ) The background above shows clearly that it is non possible to do a determination in one inquiry without sing the others. A holistic position takes into history all energy flows in the edifice over clip in order to make a sustainable attack ( Diemer, 2008 ) . In order to construct high public presentation edifices ( WBDG, 2008 ) we have to see all the different design procedures and facets of edifices ( see figure 1.2 ) and how edifices are used by proprietors and users. Capture3.PNG Figure 1.2- Global aims for High Performance Buildings. ( WBDG, 2008 )IntroductionHarmonizing to Pew Centre ( 2011 ) illuming histories for approximately 11 % of energy usage in residential edifices and 18 % in commercial edifices, therefore the demand to conserve light usage and follow more efficient engineerings can give significant nest eggs. In add-on to that it can besides cut down nursery gas emanations and give benefits like better reading and working conditions every bit good as reduced light pollution. Carbon emanation through the nursery gas consequence remains the singular job the whole universe is confronting due to the increased usage of fossil fuels and usage of traditional engineerings in lightings at places or in commercial edifices, every bit good as many edifices still staying brown alternatively of traveling green. In order to accomplish the decrease of C in the Earth ‘s ambiance every bit good as other nursery gases a batch of industries have sprung up in the clean or renewable energy sector. One of those elements of the industry harmonizing to the US Department for Energy ( 2012 ) is the energy efficiency sector, which may non look brassy or important at first glimpse but is softly spurring invention while cutting costs and salvaging occupations across the state as more industry leaders are turning to innovative energy efficiency techniques to cut down energy measures and produce low-cost merchandises. New illuming engineerings are many times more efficient than traditional engineerings such as incandescent bulbs and exchanging to newer engineerings can ensue in significant net energy usage decrease, and associated decreases in nursery gas emanations. The US Department of Energy in a survey in 2008 revealed that utilizing light breathing rectifying tubes ( LEDs ) for niche intents in which it is presently executable would salvage adequate electricity to be the end product of 27 coal power workss. This undertaking would give a description on researches on different illuming efficiency methods which can be used in Carbon emanation decrease and energy preservation, every bit good as besides help commercial houses cut costs so that they are able to bring forth low-cost merchandises and besides assist salvage more occupations in the present economic recession still seize with teething most houses in top industrialized states of the universe.Company PROFILEABOUT USAPASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED is a planetary leader in renewable energy solution, the company was established in 1993 with its specialisation in Lighting Efficiency Solutions and Technology. Having been in operation in Edinburgh ( UK ) and most states in Europe for the past 20years, and conducts researches that span over green engineerings like power technology, illuming engineering, environment pollution and direction, and more late C engineering. The company offers the most suited environmental scheme to run into specific environmental, comfort, energy and cost standards. Using computational methods backed by our practical, performance-based attack we can measure assorted options of environmental schemes giving greater flexibleness to architectural design. Areas of expertness include: Environmental facade design and optimization – analyse public presentation of facade options including heat transportation, solar additions, day-lighting, and airing. Low energy edifice design – buttocks different designs including advice on edifice signifier and natural airing schemes to help the inactive low energy design. Renewable and low C engineerings – look into alternate engineerings that best suit the undertaking needs, including facade integrated low C solutions. Since the beginning of concern, our stockholders have undertaken a significant programme of investing in order to enable the company to run into the quickly developing demands for energy use through illuming engineering, with all accent in technological invention and entire efficiency, we have maximised the environmental and economic public presentation of our resources, which has made us stand out in the energy market and run into our clients ‘ demands.TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEWLighting harmonizing represents at times up to 25 % of place electrical usage and it can impact the manner one feels, work and interact with others. It helps accomplish mundane undertakings and it is besides a important portion of one ‘s monthly public-service corporation measure. Efficient illuming would therefore come in utile since it is a signifier of scientific discipline every bit good as an art, despite the fact that most people still use the incandescent bulb, a engineering invented some 100 old ages ago by Thomas Edison. Since illuming therefore plays an of import portion in place electrical usage and C emanation from residential and commercial edifices, increasing one ‘s lighting efficiency is therefore one of the easiest and fastest ways to take down energy measures ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energy.ca.gov/efficiency/lighting/ ) . Lighting or Energy efficiency can therefore be defined as the optimization of energy ingestion, with no forfeit in illuming quality. It is a combination of thoughtful design and choice of appropriate lamp, luminaire and control system choice made in concurrence with informed picks of the light degree required, integrating and consciousness of the environment or infinite which is being lit ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energyrating.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/2009-ref-manual-lighting.pdf ) .LIGHTING EFFICIENCY METHODSThis portion of the proposal would advert the popular ways to cut down the sum of energy consumed by illuming systems and the following discussed options give a scope of preservation options that can cut down the usage of unreal lighting ( beginning: Pew Centre, 2011 ) :Behavioral ChangeThis would intend a alteration in attitude of energy users whether in residential and commercial edifices. Turning off visible radiations when they are non being used reduces energy usage, nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations from electricity, and public-service corporation measures. It may include turning off visible radiations in unoccupied suites or where there is equal natural visible radiation. Adjusting unreal visible radiation end product can besides supply energy nest eggs ; for illustration, utilizing undertaking lighting ( e.g. , a desk lamp ) instead than room lighting can cut down the figure of fixtures in usage, and dimmers allow visible radiations to be used at maximal capacity when necessary and at low capacity.BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGIES ( BAT )Timers and detectors can cut down light use to the necessary degree ; these options use engineering to mime the behavioral alteration described above. Detectors are used to function different intents in this theoretical account of light energy efficiency and they are of different sorts: Occupancy detectors: This aid guarantee that visible radiations are merely on when they are being actively used. Infrared detectors can observe heat and gesture, and supersonic detectors can observe sound. Both must be installed right to guarantee that they are sensitive to human activity instead than other activity in the locality ( such as ambient noise ) . Some estimations suggest that tenancy detectors can cut down energy usage by 45 % , while other estimations are every bit high as 90 % . Photograph detectors: They use ambient visible radiation to find the degree of light end product for a fixture. For illustration, photo-sensors might be used to turn out-of-door visible radiations off during daylight hours.IMPROVING Building DESIGN TO MAXIMIZE NATURAL LIGHTBy bettering the significant sum of natural visible radiation that comes into a edifice, the demand for unreal lighting is reduced and it may merely go a addendum for usage at dark or when otherwise needed. Besides in cut downing GHG emanations through edifice design, it is of import to take a holistic attack that considers non merely how design affects natural visible radiation, but besides the warming and chilling demands for the edifice. When unreal lighting is necessary, taking efficient engineerings can efficaciously cut down electricity usage and related GHG emanations. In taking among the available engineerings, it is of import to see several factors, including the quality of illuming needed, the frequence of usage, and the environment in which the visible radiation is being used ( e.g. , indoor or out-of-door ) . The undermentioned types of lighting and fixtures are most common in edifices:INCANDESCENT BULBSThese bulbs emit visible radiation when an electrical current causes a tungsten fibril to glow ; nevertheless, 90 % of the energy used for the bulb is emitted as heat instead than light, doing these bulbs the least efficient for most family intents when measuring them on a lms ( sum of light emitted ) end product to energy input footing. Halogen bulbs are a type of incandescent that are somewhat more efficient than standard incandescent but less efficient than most other options.COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS ( CF Ls ) AND FLUORESCENT TUBESThese emit visible radiation when an electric current causes an internal gas-filled chamber to make full with UV ( UV ) visible radiation, which is so emitted as seeable visible radiation through a particular sort of surfacing on the tubing. All fluorescent bulbs require ballast, a constituent that regulates the current traveling through the lamp. Ballasts can be integrated into the bulb, as is the instance for most CFLs ( leting them to be used interchangeably with most candent bulbs ) or non-integrated, which require the ballast to be portion of the fixture, as is the instance for many fluorescent tubings used in schools and offices. Ballasts come in two assortments: magnetic ( which are older and less efficient ) and electronic ( which are newer and much more efficient ) . Both CFLs and Fluorescent tubes come in a assortment of forms, sizes, and efficiencies ( see Figure 1 for a diagram of a typical CFL bulb ) . They by and large use 75 % less energy than candent visible radiation bulbs. A CFL produces between 50-70 lms per W, compared to the 10-19 lms per W for an incandescent bulb. They are besides durable merchandises, with a life-time of 10,000 hours for CFLs and a life-time of 7,000-24,000 hours for tubings. Incandescent bulbs, by comparing, have a life-time of 750-2500 hours. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energystar.gov/ia/products/lighting/cfls/images/Parts_of_CFL_large.jpg Figure 1: Diagram of CFL Bulb ( Source: U.S. EPA/ DOE Energy Star Program. â€Å" Learn about Compact Fluorescent Light Bulbs † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energystar.gov/index.cfm? c=cfls.pr_cfls_about ) .HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE ( HID ) LAMPSHID Lamps come in several assortments with widespread applications. They emit light when a current-also regulated through ballast-is passed between two electrodes on either terminal of a gas-filled tubing. Mercury, Na, or metal halide gas can be used, each with different coloring material end products, life-times, and applications. These types of visible radiations are non appropriate for all types of countries and usage ; for case, HID lamps have a long start-up period-up to ten minutes-and are best used in countries where illuming must be sustained for several hours ( e.g. , on athleticss Fieldss or for street visible radiations ) . In general, HID bulbs are 75-90 % more efficient than incandescent bulbs and have a long life-tim e.Low-pressure SODIUMThough these types of lamps are among the most efficient available for outdoor usage, they are merely utile for certain applications because of their long start-up clip, cool-down clip, and hapless coloring material rendering. Low-pressure Na lamps are typically used for street or main road lighting, parking garages, or other security lighting. Because of their niche application, they are non typically considered as a replacement for other types of less efficient bulbs.LIGHT EMITTING DIODE ( LED )In light-emitting rectifying tubes, negatrons and negatron holes ( atoms that lack an negatron ) combine, let go ofing energy in the signifier of visible radiation. This engineering has been around for several decennaries, but many applications of LEDs for illuming have merely late become available commercially as improved coloring material renderings have been developed and costs reduced. LED fixtures use 75-80 % less electricity than incandescent bulbs, and can hold a lifetime 25 times longer than candent visible radiation bulbs.HYBRID SOLAR LIGHTINGIn this emerging engineering, a roof-mounted solar aggregator sends the seeable part of solar energy into light-conducting optical overseas telegrams, where it is piped to interior edifice infinites. Accountants monitor the handiness of solar visible radiation and addendum it as necessary with fluorescent visible radiations to supply the coveted light degrees at each location. Early experiments show that intercrossed lighting is a feasible option for illuming on the top two floors of most commercial edifices. This engineering has other assuring benefits every bit good. The solar aggregator on the rooftop can divide seeable visible radiation from infrared radiation ; the seeable visible radiation can so be used for lighting, and the infrared radiation can be used for other intents, such as to bring forth electricity, for hot H2O warming, or for a infinite heating unit. Because the energy is split, les s heat energy is wasted in illuming ; it is alternatively used for other energy-consuming points within the edifice.Solid-state LIGHTING ( SSL )This are the following coevals of light energy efficiency engineerings which make usage of light-emitting rectifying tubes ( LEDs ) , organic light-emitting rectifying tubes ( OLEDs ) , or light-emitting polymers are normally referred to as solid-state lighting ( SSL ) . Unlike incandescent or fluorescent lamps, which create light with fibrils and gases encased in a glass bulb, solid-state lighting consists of semi-conductors that convert electricity into light ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/SSLWhat.asp ) . Harmonizing to a US Department of Energy ( DOE ) estimate no other illuming engineering offers the same degree of possible to cut down energy usage in the hereafter like the SSL. The DOE estimates that energy nest eggs in 2030 from SSL could make 190 TWh, the one-year electrical end product of 24 big power workss ( 1,000MW ) . This they estimate would ensue in 31.4 million metric ton decrease of C and $ 15 billion in energy nest eggs by 2030.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThe intent of this research is to cognize the best possible illuming engineering that would vouch energy efficiency and aid cut down C emanation from residential and commercial edifices. Probe of the best lighting efficiency engineering would be the important portion of the research and the consequences from it would assist organize the footing for the following coevals of energy efficient engineerings that would be used in places, offices and industries to assist salvage costs, maintain occupations and cut down planetary C emanation. The research would therefore ship on happening out the most cost effectual and energy efficient engineering that can be used in edifices and how CO2 and light pollution can be reduced particularly utilizing following coevals engineerings like the LEDs and Solid-State Lighting ( SSLs ) .PRODUCT INNOVATION AND APPLICATIONSIn footings of merchandise invention and its application, the Light breathing rectifying tubes ( LED ) and peculiarly the Solid-State Lighting ( SSL ) would be the advanced merchandises to be developed to keep energy efficiency and cut down C emanations as they are set to do valued parts over the following 30 old ages. It is estimated that energy nest eggs over the following three decennaries from SSL could make 190TWh which is the one-year electrical end product of 24 big power workss which would in bend cut down 31.4 million metric ton of C released in the Earth ‘s ambiance. LED illuming systems have proved utile in index applications such as issue marks and t raffic signals due to their brightness, visibleness and long-life, while new utilizations include small-area lighting, tract and measure marker and are set to be the lightings for full walls and ceilings in future. The Solid-state lighting ( SSL ) on its portion is progressively used in a assortment of illuming applications because it offers the undermentioned benefits: Long LifeA – Light-emitting diode can supply 50,000 hours or more of life, A which can cut down care costs. In comparing, an incandescent visible radiation bulb lasts about 1,000 hours. EnergyA SavingsA – The best commercial white LED illuming systems provide three times the aglow efficaciousness ( lumens per W ) of incandescent lighting. Colour LEDs are particularly advantageous for colored illuming applicationsA becauseA filters are notA needed. Better Quality Light OutputA – Light-emitting diode have minimum ultraviolet and infrared radiation. Intrinsically Safe – LED systems are low electromotive force and by and large cool to the touch. Smaller, flexible visible radiation fixtures – The little size of LEDs makes them utile for illuming tight infinites and for making alone applications. DurableA – LEDs have no fibril to interrupt and can defy quivers. Beginning: & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/SSLWhat.asp & gt ; .MARKET USER GROUPS AND PROJECTIONSThere is a changing market base for merchandises developed utilizing the ethos of illuming energy efficiency peculiarly the LEDs and SSLs which are the following coevals of illuming efficiency merchandises to hit the market and are expected to great aid cut down C emanations by cut downing the sum of electrical power generated for places and concerns. The following groups of market users are identified: Home users: Merchandises from illuming energy efficiency can be used by place proprietors and persons to cut down the sum of electrical power they consume at place through illuming. This they already do through the usage of detectors in their lighting systems that detect human voice, noise or activity before turning on the lighting in topographic points within the place. More merchandises like the LEDs can farther be developed to be used in most lighting at place to farther cut down energy ingestions in residential edifices. Business leaders: There is the opportunity for concern leaders in different industries to cut down the sum of energy they consume in their offices or industrial topographic points. Lighting energy efficiency can assist cut by every bit much as 30 % in some instances of the energy an industrial works consumes therefore salvaging the company costs and besides assisting to maintain occupations. Investor: This group of stakeholders would wish to cognize the degree of net income available in this sort of undertaking and would be interested when they find the immense possible inherent in illuming efficiency engineering and would be excited by the following coevals of engineering in the field such as the LEDs and SSLs. Regulator/Government: Government of most industrialised states like the United States are committed to doing consumers and concerns go green and salvage money and costs by cut downing the energy they consume. They sponsor researches into the development of new LED lighting engineerings that would assist cut down power coevals from authorities and power manufacturers. Therefore this research been done and merchandises developed from it would assist authorities in sensitising people on new information or merchandises to assist them travel green and be efficient in their energy ingestion thereby cut downing C emanation and act as a regulative tool for sustainable development.PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND SellingThe research undertaking when completed would see APASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED make usage of its result to develop merchandises in coaction with other research workers, makers, public-service corporation companies that are interested and authorities to invent strategies were the mercha ndises would be tested to rate their efficiency and therefore ease a wide acceptance of LED engineering across Scotland and so the UK. Besides professionals in concern and selling would be brought on at a ulterior day of the month to assist manner out marketing schemes to assist pervade place and concern consumers of electrical power to take on the new merchandises so as to cut down their energy ingestions and salvage them costs.ENERGY AND CARBON SAVING PREDICTIONSIn footings of energy and C nest eggs, the efficient usage of illuming in residential and commercial edifices would travel a long manner in guaranting that happens. Energy preservation and efficient usage of lightings would greatly cut down C emanations associated with illuming significantly. At the degree of single families and concerns, preservation and efficiency steps can take down public-service corporation measures, and broader usage of illuming efficiency engineering across the society can ensue in Greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emanation decreases and environmental benefits derived from reduced demand for electricity. For illustration Candescent Fluorescent ( CFLs ) use 75 % less energy and LEDs use 75 to 80 % less energy than candent visible radiation bulbs ; replacing these merchandises for traditional lighting engineerings, for illustration, can cut down net energy usage. The continued widespread usage of efficient illuming engineerings like the Solid-state lighting engineering would be indispensable for GHG emanation decreases with a 2008 survey by the US Department of Energy uncovering that replacing LEDs from their current niche utilizations would salvage adequate electricity to be the end product of 27 coal power workss and cut down 31.4 million metric ton of C by 2030. Estimates by planetary market research company McKinsey & A ; Co. besides note that LED engineering addition such as exchanging from incandescent and CFL bulbs to LEDs by 2030 would supply GHG emanation decreases from lower energy ingestions and besides cost-efficient over the lifetime of the bulbs. Asides from the benefits of illuming efficiency to planetary clime, its other benefits include lower public-service corporation measures to consumers, reduced light pollution and better reading and working conditions.SWOT ANALYSISStrengthsReduced Energy Bills: The usage of timers and detectors in lightings of edifices can travel a long manner in cut downing electricity ingestion from its usage and this can ensue in net nest eggs for places and concerns through lower public-service corporation measures. Longer Life: LEDs supply a longer permanent life when used compared to incandescent bulbs. The LEDs can last for up to 50,000 hours compared to the incandescent 1s that last for 1,000 hours therefore there is a decrease in care costs for concerns and place users. GHG Emission Reductions: Using efficient illuming engineerings and energy preservation can ensue in the decrease of C emitted by residential and commercial edifices. The peculiar acceptance of SSLs is estimated in the following 30 old ages to be a major engineering in cut downing the sum of electrical power generated from both non-renewable and renewable energy beginnings therefore cut downing the emanation of C into the ambiance. Carbon Trading: When successful developed and deployed across the UK, efficient illuming engineering can assist the Scotland and the whole UK save a batch of C which could hold been emitted into the ambiance. With new planetary programs to set up a planetary C market, that would give the UK tonss of C to be traded in the C market.FailingsSensors/Lighting Control: Detectors are non ever able to observe and fit demands of the residents because they are frequently located far from the country of tenancy particularly in the ceilings and can non needfully estimate illuming demands closer to the land. Upfront Costss: This pose a peculiarly noteworthy barrier, though lighting engineerings and patterns pay for themselves over clip due to their long permanent life-time – some of them peculiarly new border engineerings have immense up-front costs that consumers, concerns and local councils may be unwilling to pay. Besides, merchandises like the Hybrid solar lighting ( HSL ) has existed for decennaries but cost considerations have therefore far made widespread acceptance infeasible. Mercury Use: Agnosticism about the quality of CFL bulbs has deterred many clients though makers have been able to turn to such concerns like its hapless reflectors and noisy nature, but concerns are still high amongst consumers about the usage of quicksilver in it. CFLs contain a really little sum of quicksilver in each bulb – less than 1/100 of the sum in an older thermometer. Carbon Decrease: The undertaking looks at how carbon emanation can be reduced through illuming efficiency and due to the fact that C emanation sums to about 11 % from places and about 18 % from commercial edifices numbering 29 % between the two, efficient illuming engineerings as soon used can non cut down the full planetary GHG emanations.OpportunitiesSSLs: The Solid-State Lighting merchandises when to the full researched and deployed have the possible to work out tonss of the jobs associated with light pollution and C emanations from residential and commercial edifices every bit good as salvaging costs. It besides would greatly cut down C emanation into the ambiance by cut downing the sum of electrical power consumed hence in bend cut downing the sum of electrical power needed to be produced. Regulative Tool: This research undertaking would assist regulative organic structures better supply policies and ordinances that would drive concerns and places to go greener and salvage energy. It would besides guarantee that industries emit less C and therefore cut down the sum of pollution traveling into the ambiance.MenacesCompetition: There is the possible menace of competition from rival houses once this research undertaking is made public, as they may desire to bring forth such merchandises. Besides there is possible competition from other states in the universe who may desire first mover advantage in bring forthing engineerings like the SSL which is the hereafter of the lighting efficiency engineering industry. Utility Companies: Companies which sell public-service corporations like electricity may see the development of the SSL illuming engineering as a menace as it is estimated to cut down electrical energy ingestion in places and concerns amounting to up to the equivalent of 27 power workss in the following 30 old ages, therefore they may non be concerted in join forcesing to proving the development of the new merchandises in pilot strategies amongst their consumers to be able to bring forth informations on the sum of electrical use the usage of SSL engineering really reduces so as to besides cognize how much C emanation that reduces from the power workss. Payback Time periods: The payback period for the usage of illuming engineering besides vary in length and edifice residents may be loath to put in efficient illuming engineerings if they will be resigning the edifices before they can harvest the full benefits of these engineerings. Market Entry Barrier: There is a immense market barrier to new entrants in the lighting efficiency engineering market hence the demand for support. To research and besides make many of the new engineerings in the lighting industry requires costs therefore new entrants find it hard to interrupt into the market or even have adequate financess to transport out research on following coevals of engineerings.THE RESEARCH PROJECT TEAMThe research undertaking squad is a multidisciplinary one which has experts on low energy ingestion engineering, technology, environment scientific discipline and direction, concern direction and decision makers drawn from both Nigeria and the UK. APASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED would be involved in every phase of the research undertaking from its start through its disposal and coordination until its entry of full research results and study to the patrons ( Carbon Trust ) . The squad would be led by a Head of Research and Development Prof. Ryan Harts and other members from the company and other educational organic structures who would supply some degree of proficient support. Team Leader: Prof. Ryan Harts: Is the Head of Research and Development with APASI Energy Company Limited and a visiting Professor with Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh and Imperial College, London in Energy severally. He brings more than 30years experience in industrial turbo-machinery and infrigidation systems runing from 10,000 TR surface-cooling workss to utility-scale power-generation equipment. Rob has performed energy appraisals covering more than 500 million three-dimensional pess of refrigerated and freezer infinite, including all facets of energy analysis on controls, cooling, distribution and operation of these systems. With his great passion for research and development in illuming engineering and energy usage, developing research strengths in illuming efficiency, use and C engineerings. Team Members: Prof. Morrison Fischer: A alumnus of Bachelor of Science in Materials Science from University of Wisconsin-Madison, Energy Engineering from University of Edinburgh, and PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Process Integration and Intensification. He joined the company in 1998 as an expert in Sustainability procedure and Process Intensification which has assisted APASI Energy Company Limited in accomplishing its corporate ends by supplying sustainability and energy decrease schemes, C footmark, and responses to provide concatenation studies. Dr. Franklin Oliver: Is the Chief Scientific Officer of APASI Energy Company Limited, He is a innovator applied scientist in the development of electric propulsion systems since the 1980 ‘s with Tetra Energy Inc. , Oliver brings 28years of extended research and merchandise development background, every bit good as his experience as laminitis and CEO of iCAP engineerings, to APASI Energy Company Limited. Dr. Andrew Wilshire: Holds a PhD grade in Physics/ Electrical Engineering from the Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen in 1980. He is a profound academician and research worker who have published many articles on Waste Water Management, Climate Change and Environmental Pollution, and Power Engineering Improvements with his major strength in electrical power industry. Having spent over 35years in the Industrial sector he decided to convey his huge cognition and attending into research in C decrease engineerings and illuming efficiency usage after go toing a fellowship class at the Heriot-Watt University. Dr. Edward English: He is a senior lector of Renewable Energy Engineering ( Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh ) . His brings over 20years of Senior Management experience in both the Industrial and Electrical fabrication and distribution markets. Anterior to Heriot-Watt University, he has involved in supplying strategic consulting services to makers, distributers and private equity houses in the supply concatenation markets. Undertaking Administrator: Engr. Ismaila Lawal: Engr. Ismaila Lawal is responsible for scheme and organizing project day-to-day operations. He taps his extended experience taking and reding growing companies with emerging engineering based services.Work PlanUndertaking CostThis Research undertaking will be conducted on a projectized organisational formation which will cross over 12 calendar months with cost and resources allotment as follows:RESEARCH TEAM ( AECL )Cost PER MONTH ( ? )ANNUAL COST ( ? )Prof. Ryan Harts 1,500 18,000 Prof. Morrison Fischer 1,000 12,000 Dr. Franklin Oliver 1,000 12,000 Engr. Ismaila Lawal 750 9,000 SUB-TOTAL51,000RESEARCH TEAM ( HW )Cost PER MONTH ( ? )ANNUAL COST ( ? )Dr. Andrew Wilshire 1,000 12,000 Dr. Edward English 1,000 12,000 SUB-TOTAL24,000AssortedAPASI ENERGY COMPANY LIMITED Overhead Cost: Office Support, etc. ?8,000 Consumables: ?4,000 Heriot-Watt University Overhead Cost: Overhead for office support ?7,000 Capital Equipment: computing machines, etc. ?15,000 Travel and subsistence costs: Meetings, etc. ?14,000 Other costs: Eventuality cost, etc. ?5,000Fund Request ( Total ) ?128,000Section BDelphi StudyAn decision maker would be selected for this portion of the survey which is to fix a Delphi prediction survey for the research undertaking in the first portion of this work. The decision maker would be me and a questionnaire would be prepared and sent out to a group of experts who would so reply them. Delphi calculating harmonizing to Singh and Kasavana ( 2005 ) is a concern research technique used to find the likely happening of future events. It elicits sentiments from little choice group of experts and so tries to construct a consensus on the topic/s handed out to the experts.Questionnaire DesignFor this survey the questionnaire was designed from the background of information on illuming efficiency used in the research undertaking and seven event statements were used in the questionnaire. This was to assist find the result of future engineerings in the lighting efficiency industry. The questionnaire was developed along the prognostic skylines of 2030 ( long term ) and had a five-point likeliness of happening with 1 bespeaking ‘very likely to happen ‘ and 5 indicating ‘not likely to happen ‘ . Space was besides provided at the terminal of the questionnaire to let respondents to subject open-ended anticipations about of import hereafter events that were non identified.Delphi QuestionnaireQ1: All illuming bulbs around the universe would hold been switched from candent 1s to more efficient types? Very likely Likely Not certain Not likely Strongly improbable Q2: Hybrid solar lighting ( HSL ) would hold become executable to utilize in many topographic points? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q3: Would the up-front cost of having an efficient type of illuming e.g. the CFLs have become cheaper for place and commercial users? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q4: LEDs illuming engineering would travel from being used in little countries, marks and contraptions into being used as lightings in places? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q5: Can cheaper versions of Solid-State Lightings ( SSLs ) be produced and adopted for general usage for place and commercial users? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q6: What is the likeliness of usage of SSL engineerings in places and offices cut downing C emanation by up to 31 million metric dozenss through decreased electrical coevals by 2030? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Q7: Is there a likeliness of any other engineering coming out before 2030 that would do the SSL engineering obsolete, which at nowadays is the hereafter of illuming engineering? 1. Very likely 2. Likely 3. Not certain 4. Not likely 5. Strongly improbable Any other remarks: aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Sample Size/ResponsesFor this Delphi study the sample size to be used to discourse the above questionnaire would be a group of experts numbering 25 drawn from the energy industry peculiarly those with adept cognition on illuming energy efficiency, other would be from technology, environmental surveies and edifice engineering industry. The panel of experts to be used in this survey would consist of 10 experts from the energy industry with many of them holding huge cognition in illuming energy efficiency engineering, 7 technology experts, four environmental surveies specializers and four edifice engineering experts particularly those with old cognition in edifice green edifices. In add-on each expert had to be interested in the result of the consequences from the survey either through their sort of work or as necessary information for their ain field of survey. Besides, the panel of experts chosen had to be accessible. The Delphi questionnaire would be mailed to the panel of experts with a stamp self-addressed envelope in it, so that they can direct their responses back for free. Two telephone calls would besides be made to trail up responses. The first call to each of the panelists would be to verify if they have received the questionnaire, a 2nd call would be made to promote questionnaire completion and entry. The responses expected from the survey would be issues like what opinions the experts have on current illuming efficiency engineering like the CFLs, what would be the province of illuming engineering in the hereafter and the likely impact SSL would hold on illuming engineering and C emanation decrease in the hereafter. The hope of making the Delphi survey would be to assist manner out what best illuming efficiency engineering to prosecute in the hereafter. It is hoped that the survey would assist cast visible radiation on the importance of the SSL engineering for the hereafter, whether the HSL engineering can be revamped and made more executable and cost-efficient for mass acceptance and how easy it would be for residential and commercial edifices to hold all gone green by 2030 as it is soon expensive to make so now. Delphi Study Importance to ‘Future Technologies ‘ The importance of Delphi surveies to future engineerings can non be over-emphasized as it is the fulcrum on which of import determinations are made as to which future engineering to prosecute and which would non be executable to travel after. Delphi as a process harmonizing to Singh and Kasavana ( 2005 ) is used for arousing and polishing sentiments of a group of people normally experts in that field of survey until a consensus is reached and the hereafter of that field accurately forecasted, though it besides allows for dissenting sentiments excessively. It has been carried out on a regular basis in Japan in the last 40 old ages to calculate the hereafter of engineering in that state which has seen Japan go a universe leader in technological development. It is besides in usage in Korea where both the exploratory and normative attacks are used ( Taeyoung 1998 ) . The Delphi method is typically used in engineering prediction and it is the most suited manner to acquire a clear image of what engineering would be of import to the society in the long-run hereafter and besides a manner of utilizing engineering to work out awaited hereafter jobs before they arrive upon us by tapping into the encephalons and experiences of experts in any technological field being forecasted. It is besides of import as it helps technological houses meet with forecasted demand in the hereafter of any engineering they have produced or are in the procedure of researching so that future demand do non out-strip future supply hence Delphi survey is an of import tool for ‘futures engineerings ‘ .